PSYC 300 1st Edition Lecture 23Outline of Last Lecture I. Gender AwarenessII. Gender Awareness: Global Gender GapIII. TrustLaw Survey IV. Sexual Harassment at SchoolV. Sexual Harassment on the College CampusVI. Sexual Harassment in the WorkplaceVII. Factors that are consideredOutline of Current Lecture I. Gender AwarenessCurrent Lecture- Gender Awarenesso Lulu app lets women review men like restaurantso Candlelight Vigil—in honor of people getting sexually assaultedo SHARP—sexual harassment and rape prevention- Sexual Harassment in the Workplaceo Occupational characteristics related to sexual harassment Male-dominated, blue-collar occupations Militaryo Target characteristics related to sexual harassment Gender: female Age: young Marital status: unmarried Sexual orientation: lesbian Ethnicity: women of coloro Characteristics of offenders Tend to have negative attitudes toward women, hold traditional gender attitudes,and perceive sexual relationships as manipulative and exploitative- Anita Hillo 991L was brought before Clarence Thomas confirmation trail to discuss her accusation that he sexually harassed her when she worked for him at the EEOCo Brought sexual harassment into the public’s awareness and prompted a national debate about sexual behavior in the workplace- Consequences of Sexual Harassment in the Workplaceo Psychological consequences Decreased self-esteem, lowered life satisfactiono Physical consequences Headaches, gastrointestinal problemso Effects of hostile environment Reduced job satisfaction, decreased moraleo Effects of labeling experience as harassment Women who report sexual harassment often have lower job evaluations, are humiliated and experience health problemso Women’s responses Internally focused responses-ignoring the situation Externally focused responses-asking the person to stop- Explanations for Sexual Harassment in the Workplaceo Sex-role spillover theory:  In workplaces with unequal concentrations of men and women, gender is highly salient attribute. In these environments men respond to female employees more as women than as workerso Power theory:  Sexual harassment is seen as an abuse of power to gain sexual favors or to reinforce the imbalance of power Organizational intolerance-the negative effects of sexual harassment tend to be minimized and complaints about harassment are not taken seriously- Violence against Girlso Child sexual abuse: Contact and noncontact sexual experiences in which the victim is below the age of consent and the abuser is significantly older or in a position of power over the child Contact sexual abuse-kissing, fondling, sexual touching, oral sex, anal/vaginal sex Noncontact sexual abuse-sexually suggestive language  Exploitation through the internet-children may be propositioned online for sexualactivity, exposed to various forms of sexually explicit material, or experience online harassment Incest: Sexual contact between a child and a close blood relative or other family member- Child Sexual Abuseo Incidence Many of the cases of child sexual abuse go unreported Most of the time the perpetrator is a family member or family friend, takes place at home and occurs more than once (usually female victim and male perpetrator) Most frequently reported is father/step-father and daughter but brother/sister incest may be more common The reason that many cases are not reported is because many children feel powerless and the perpetrator is usually a loved relative/family friendo Consequences Can be devastating in short- and long term Depression, lowered self-esteem, anger, humiliation Adolescents who are sexually abused in childhood show earlier sexual activity, have more sexual partners, eating disorders, and drug abuse In adult hood, they are more anxious, have more marital problems, have medical problems such as chronic pelvic paino Treatment Group or individual psychotherapy Effectiveness of treatment depends on a variety of factors: the most effectively treated were those with more education, were only sexually fondled, and had lower levels of distress and depression prior to treatment Cognitive behavioral therapy that specifically focuses on the abuse appears most effectiveo Prevention Increasing amounts of schools are offering courses about how to prevent sexual abuse Children are taught the differences between “good” touching (ex. Pats on the back) and “bad” touching All 50 states have lists of all sex offenders who have been released from prison that are available to the general publico Infanticide and neglect Result from cultural attitudes that devalue females- Missing girls in Asiao Girls in India, Pakistan and China re often victims of neglect, not feed well or vaccinated, or not taken to the doctor as quickly when illo Girls are seen as burdens as they are not able to care for their parents after marriage or carry on the family nameo Consequences: surplus of men could trigger sex related crimes such as rape, prostitution, abduction of women, forced marriages and social disorder - Human traffickingo Many women leave their homeland every year in the promise of jobs in wealthier countries to find themselves bound in contracts and with a ton of debto Some are forced to become unpaid house workers (literal slaves) but most are forced into prostitution (sex slaves)o Countries that are poor, have high unemployment, and lack women’s rights have the highest rates of human traffickingo Human trafficking is not only in poor third world countries but also in industrialized countries such as the USo Men look to this to minimize their chances of exposure to STDs because most of the women are very young (as young as 9 years old)- Dating Violenceo Incidence of dating violence Men report higher incidents of being recipient than womeno Reports of physical aggression in dating relationship Either girls are more aggressive in their relationships or guys report more often to rationalize their own aggression (she hit me so I hit her back)o Gender differences Holding traditional gender roles and believing that dating violence is acceptable is linked to dating violence for both sexeso Who engages in dating violence? Those who have experienced dating violence themselveso Being the recipient of dating violence Female victims of dating violence are more likely to show risky sexual