PSYC 300 1st Edition Lecture 18 Outline of Last Lecture I. Gender AwarenessII. Gray’s Communication TheoriesIII. Deborah TannenIV. Communication StyleV. Communication DifferencesVI. Gender Differences in IntelligenceVII. Do Women and Men Differ in Cognitive Abilities?VIII. Gender Prejudice in the 21st CenturyIX. Gender Comparison of Cognitive AbilitiesX. Verbal AbilitiesOutline of Current Lecture I. Gender AwarenessII. Verbal AbilitiesIII. Gender Comparison of Visual-Spatial AbilityIV. Gender Comparison of Mathematical Ability V. What happens to girls? VI. Explanations for Gender Differences VII. Social Approach VIII. Individual BeliefsCurrent Lecture- Gender Awarenesso Vocabulary list (hero is only for males)o Women we feature in the magazine are ornamental (the Esquire magazine in the UK)o Pregnancy Q&Ao Steubenville rape victim (advanced the idea that a woman is only valuable in so much as she is loved or valued by a man)o An article on chivalry written by a woman o Female UFC fighter (rough and tough in real life but sexualized in photos)o Men are stereotyped to have to be “well endowed”o Gay/straight identical twins =identical rightso Senator Rob Portman announces his support for same-sex marriage, citing the example of his gay son- Verbal Abilitieso School grades and focused writing and reading exams: Girls score highero SAT scores: Boys have outperformed girls on the SAT for the last 40 years (ranges between 5 to 10 pts higher)o Why? No test bias Verbal fluency is not tested; vocabulary (no difference) and verbal analogies (boys excel) SES more lower income girls test (SES is one of best predictors of SAT scores)- Gender Comparison of Visual-Spatial Abilityo Visualizing objects or shapes and mentally rotating themo Males outperform females in many, though not all, areas of visual-spatial ability Spatial Visualization: little- Embedded-figure test- Learning map information Spatial Perception: d=. 4- Water-level test- Rod-and-frame test Mental Rotation: ranges from d=. 5 to d=. 9- Instructions- Individual differences Summaryo Explanations for gender differences Biological- Genes and hormones (mixed findings)- Lateralizationo Some differences in processing have been foundo But…- Gender Comparison of Mathematical Abilityo Classroom performance Girls higher grades than boys in all high school and college courses including math and science Girls take more math and science class than boys with exception of calculus and physicso Standardized tests SAT: men 537, females 503- Males outperform females in most countries – used to support essential differences theory- But gap is closing and in Thailand and Iceland, girls outperform boys- What happens to girls?o Early on in school, girls performo But starting in adolescence, girls start slipping and continue to slideo By college, women are not choosing careers that emphasize technical and quantitative skills These fields are often where the money iso And those that do, females are not progressing in their careers as quickly as males- Explanations for Gender Differenceso Society’s expectations and influences Parental Influence Teacher Influence Culture-read 5.1, pg. 113 in 3rd edition (pg. 144 2nd edition)o Individual Beliefs Math self-efficacy Stereotype threat- Social Approacho Parental Influence Less parental encouragement and support Believe that boys are better than girls at matho Stereotype beliefs linked to child expectation and performance Provide difference experiences- Toys, museums, language- Individual Beliefso Mathematics self-efficacy: a person’s belief concerning her or his ability to successfully perform mathematical tasks (p.145) College age women avoid math and science courses Endorsement=lower self confidence in math, lower