PSYC 300 1st Edition Lecture 24 Outline of Last Lecture I. Gender AwarenessII. Sexual Harassment in the WorkplaceIII. Anita HillIV. Consequences of Sexual Harassment in the WorkplaceV. Explanations for Sexual Harassment in the WorkplaceVI. Violence against GirlsVII. Child Sexual AbuseVIII. Dating ViolenceIX. RapeX. Rape and WarOutline of Current Lecture I. Gender AwarenessII. Fear of RapeIII. Myths about RapeIV. RapeV. Seven Warning SignsVI. Intimate Partner ViolenceVII. Intimate Partner Violence: Risk FactorsVIII. Intimate Partner Violence: Leaving the Abusive RelationshipIX. Intimate Partner ViolenceX. Elder AbuseCurrent Lecture- Gender Awarenesso CNN account of women in the army being sexually assaulted The military would diagnose these women with a personality disordero A movie “Invisible women”- Fear of Rapeo One therapist states, “I have come to realize that fear is the last remaining enslaver of women”o For women under 35, rape is feared more than any other offense (including murder)o A social norm regarding avoiding rape restricts women.o Women fear stranger rape more than acquaintance rape.o Most rape survivors have no known risk factors other than being female.- Myths about Rapeo Myth 1: Rapists are strangers—that is, people unknown to the victim.  Most rapes are acquaintance rapes (rape by someone you know)o Myth 2: Only deviant men would consider raping a woman. Midwestern college study:  Malamuth’s study: 35% of college men said there was some likelihood they would rape if they knew they wouldn’t get caught (forced sex vs. rape)o Myth 3: Women ask to be raped; they could avoid rape if they wanted to. Blaming the victimo Myth 4: Pornography has no effect on men’s likelihood to rape. Interactions with promiscuity and hostilityo Myth 5: Men can’t control themselves once they are sexually arousedo Myth 6: A woman is more likely to get hurt if she resists an attacker. No fighting back—rarely prevents rape- There are four attempted rapes (in which a woman fought back and escaped) for every completed rape- But the press coves only one attempted rape for every 13 completed rapes Fighting back- More physical evidence- Greater psychological recovery- Reduces chances of being raped- Rapeo Theories of rape Evolutionary theory: rape evolved as strategy for men to ensure their genes would be passed on Feminist theory: rape is rooted in the longstanding and pervasive power imbalance between women and men (Rozee, 2008)- Men use rape as one mechanism to control women and maintain their dominance Social learning theory: social behaviors, including attitudes supportive of rape and sexually aggressive behaviors, learned through observation and reinforcement (Frieze, 2005)- Men learn aggressive sexual behavior through the media- Seven Warning Signso Unrealistic expectationso Dishonestyo Compulsive controlo Lack of trusto Social Isolation***o Jealousy-high levelso Disrespect- Intimate Partner Violenceo Intimate partner violence, battering, domestic violence: Physical and psychological abuse committed by an intimate partner (spouse, romantic partner, or former spouse or partner) Incidence- Women are more likely than men to commit violence against their partner (sometimes in self-defense)o Gender differences Underreported-2 to 3 million women are abused by their partners in the US every yearo Role of disability, social class, and ethnicity Disability-high rate of women with disabilities being abused and their abuse lasts for a longer time Social class-those with less education report the highest rates of physical abuse Ethnicity- Black women are more likely than white women to be abused and their abuse is more severe than white women’s abuse- Black women are more likely to fight back against abuse- Asian American community has the lowest reported rates of intimate partner violence- Intimate Partner Violence: Risk Factorso Need for power and controlo Belief that men have right to punish their partnerso Alcohol and drug abuseo Violence husbands are more likely than any other husbands to display poor communication skills and more hostilityo Stresso Effects of intimate partner violence Physical problems-physical injuries and reproductive difficulties Psychological problems-low self-esteem, depression, anxiety, drug and alcohol abuse, risky sexual behavior Financial consequences-the health problems caused by physical and psychological abuse may keep women from getting employed and therefore haveto stay with their abuser for financial reasons Effects on children- Boys who have witness mother bing abused are 24x more likely to commit sexual assault as adults and 3x more likely to become batters and higher levels of hatred toward women- About 2/3 of boys ages 11-20 who have committed homicide are there for killing their mothers’ abusers- Intimate Partner Violence: Leaving the Abusive Relationshipo Reasons women don’t leave Economic- Many women do not have the economic resources to leave their partner and support their family Accelerated violence- The most dangerous time for a battered woman and man is when she tries to leave Socialization to stay with husband- “Behind every good man is a woman” Conservative religious beliefs- Many religions make it hard to get out of abusive relationships and both the abuser and the victim may misinterpret religious texts to justify abuse Fear of deportation, discrimination- Immigrant women may not want to inform authorities because they may not be here legally, fear discrimination and anti-immigrant sentiment Learned helplessness- “No man beats a good wife”- Intimate Partner Violenceo Theories of intimate partner violence Feminist theory emphasizes gender power imbalance as a destructive factor in men’s interactions with women Social learning theory says that domestic violence is a learned behavior that can develop from observing violenceo Interventions Laws-mandatory arrest of the abuser, restraining order on the abuser  Shelters and transitional housing programs Treatment for women’s psychological trauma- Feminist therapy used to re-empower women- Cognitive trauma therapy for women with PTSD and really helps women who have gone through domestic abuse Treatment for batterers-deal with attitudes toward women and anger management- Elder Abuseo Types of abuse