PSYC 300 1st Edition Lecture 7Outline of Last Lecture I. Gender AwarenessII. SportsIII. Representation of Gender in the English languageOutline of Current LectureI. Gender AwarenessII. Key Concepts in Gender Self ConceptIII. Gender Identity DisorderIV. Prenatal developmentV. Turners syndromeCurrent LectureGender Awareness- -Organ donation ad: women in a bikini, "donating organs may be the only way you can get in her"- -PITA animal rights ads using women to get their point across- -Princess and the frog parodyKey Concepts in Gender Self Concept Gender identity: one’s self-definition as female or maleMost people: gender identity=sexual anatomyTransgender: gender identity is different than sexual anatomy (I feel like I was born inthe wrong body)Sexual orientation: preference for a same- or other-gender sexual partnerGender Self-Concept Across gender identity, people vary in their gender attitudes: beliefs about the appropriate traits, interests, behaviors, and roles of females and males Gender identity does not equal gender attitudes does not equal sexual orientationGender Identity Disorder – DSM-IV-TR Requires meeting 4 criteria:Long-standing and strong identification with another genderLong-standing disquiet about the sex assigned or a sense of incongruity in the gender-assigned role of that sexThe diagnosis is not made if the individual also has physical intersex characteristicsSignificant clinical discomfort or impairment at work, social situations, or other important life areas.Transgender community: wants changes made for DSM-VDo not like the term "disorder"Proposed changes to DSM –V Gender dysphonia (proposed name changed)Dysphonia– mental or emotional condition in which a person feels depression, discontent or indifference to world around themConcern that individuals can have gender atypical behaviors without gender-identity problemShould it even be in the DSM-5Some say no (it’s stigmatizing; not all transgendered people are distressed)Some say yes (otherwise insurance companies won’t pay for surgery or hormones)Prenatal Development Stages of prenatal sex differentiation (see Table 3.1)Chromosomes (women-XX, men-XY)Gonadal development(women-ovaries, men -testes) directed by the X or Y chromosomeAndrogens male sex hormonesEstrogens female sex hormonesDevelopment of internal reproductive organs: directed by hormonesExternal genitalia: directed by hormonesBrain differentiation - hypothalamusBoy and Girl Embryo – week 9First 6 weeks, embryo develops an indifferent gonad and two sets of ducts, one female and one male. Sex differentiation begins in week 6After Week 6, Y chromosome stimulates the gonad to turn into testes. Not exactly sure what happens for XXFor XY, testes produce androgens: 1) MIS cause degeneration of female ducts; 2) testosterone promotes growth of male ducts, 3) DHT stimulates growth of external genitals: penis and scrotumFor XX, ovaries produce estrogens that stimulate female ducts to form into uterus, fallopian tubes, upper vagina.Atypical Prenatal Development Intersexuality: the intermingling of female and male sexual characteristicsPrevalence: 1.7% is one estimate; 1 in 1500 another estimateEstimate of people receiving surgery to “normalize” genital appearance1 or 2 per 1000Can be differences in hormones, chromosomes, external or internal genitalia from "typical" male or femaleTransgender vs. intersexTransgender-have an internal struggle with gender identityIntersex-identified often by medical personnel who notice something unusualTurner syndrome Textbook: state individuals do not have ovaries Factsheet (from website):Affects 1/2500 in live female birthsCommon characteristics:Gonadal dysgenesis: = abnormal development of ovaries which result in ovarian failure or infertilityshort statureTreatment: Estrogen hormone replacement therapy is necessary for breast development, feminine body contours, menstruation, and proper bone