PSYC 300 1st Edition Lecture 2Outline of Last Lecture I. Gender AwarenessII. History of WomenIII. Impactful WomenOutline of Current LectureI. Gender AwarenessII. Women in other CountriesIII. Sex vs. GenderIV. Women and men: similar or different?V. What is feminism and types of feminismVI. Psychology of womenCurrent LectureGender Awareness- Katherine Switzer was the first female to run the marathon and the race owner went after her to get her off of the course because she signed up for the race with a different name- Running in the Olympics for Women: women were not allowed to run long distances in the olympics because they were too "weak"- Men protesting against the rape in India and saying the cause of rape was women wearing short skirts- It's a girl thing: used stereotypes for women in science (bright colored lab coats and heels) and caused controversey- Cameron Russell TED Talk: talks about how women want to grow up to be a supermodel and how the most beautiful women are the most insecure about their bodies- Dr. Pepper 10: it's not for women, not diet (womanly) but something with less calories (this one has 10 calories)Women in Other CountriesSevere discriminationMuslim extremists – TalibanAfghanistan –women have limited rights, freedoms, often victims of violence Saudia Arabia Less discriminationScandinavian countriesSweden: very good maternity leave for women and menDefinitions: Sex and GenderSex: the classification of individuals as female or maleBased on their genetic makeup, anatomy, and reproductive functionsGender: the meanings that societies and individuals give to female and male categoriesWhat we as a society consider "masculine" and "feminine"Women and Men: Similar or Different?Similarities Approach: Beta bias Also referred to as social construction approachMen and women are basically alike in their intellectual and social behaviorDifferences between women and men are produced by socialization, not biology (e.g., Bohan, 2002)Differences Approach: Alpha biasAlso referred to as essentialist approachEmphasizes differences between women and menDifferences thought to arise from essential qualities within the individual that are rooted in biology (e.g., Bohan, 2002)May emphasize and celebrate positive qualities historically associated with women (cultural feminism)Girls are more attracted to pink due to social construction (not biological construction)Which of the following categories best categorizes your identity as a feminist:1. Consider myself a feminist and am currently involved in the Women’s movement2. Consider myself a feminist but am not involved in the Women’s movement3. Do not consider myself a feminist but agree with at least some of the objectives of feminism4. Do not consider myself a feminist and disagree with the objectives of feminismWhat is feminism?- Two general themeso Feminists: Value women as important and worthwhile human beings Recognize need for social changeCentral Concepts in the Psychology of Women- Feminist Approaches- Liberal feminism - Cultural feminism- Radical feminism- Women-of-color feminismFeminist PerspectivesLiberal Feminism Focus Remedies Views of GenderLiberal Feminism Given equal environments and opportunities, women and men will behave similarlyPassing laws that guarantee equal rights for womenMen and women are equal in reason and rationality; should be treated equally bysociety and lawsRadical Feminism Male control and domination of women throughout historyDrastically changing society’s policies that perpetuates sexismMen and women are basically the same and ought to have the same access to powerCultural Feminism Women and men are different and these differences should be equally valued by societyRestructuring society to value the positive differences of femalesThere are essential differences between men and women.Women-of-Color Feminism The different perspectives ofwomen of different ethnicityand social class are more important than gender in of itself.Understanding women froma multi-cultural perspective Women of different culturesand social classes cannot be presumed to be the same.History of FeminismFirst wave – early 1900s -Centered around voting rights; ended after 1920Second wave1960s – 1989s-Social/legal changes and equality-The feminine mystique by Betty Friedan-The problem with no nameThird wave – 1990s-Around from the backlash to 2nd wave of feminism-Focuses on individual issues (date rape, sexual harassment, etc.)History of Feminism in the USFear of feminism-Around from the backlash to 2nd wave of feminism-Focuses on individual issues (date rape, sexual harassment, etc)Negative stereotypes of feminists-"femi-nazis" "bra-burners"Insisting on differencesWomen against women: Feminism as a cat fight Stay-at-home moms vs. working momsBreast feeders vs. non-breast feedersWomen bullies in the workplaceWomen in Psychology- Late 1800s – early 1900s: women faced many obstacles but some persevered- 1894 – first PhD awarded to Margaret Floy Washburn- 1905 – Mary Walton Caulkins, first APA female President- 1930s – 1960s: women made up about 1/3 of APA membership- 1970s: numbers of women increased notably- 20% of PhDs awarded to women- 1998: women made up 48% of APA members- 2005: 72% of new PhDs and PsyDs are women- Women earn 9% less than men- Only 11 of APA’s 115 presidents have been women- Today, women represent nearly half of the psychologists in the workforceStudying the Psychology of Women Bias in psychological research Selecting the research topic May be influenced by: Researchers’ personal interests  Researchers’ assumptions about gender Researchers’ assumptions about race and other categories of social identity Formulating the hypothesis Designing the study -orphans were used as subjects in a study to show tha day cares harm children Bias in psychological research, continued Selecting research participants: use of all male samples Are the participants representative of the larger population? Is the gender composition specified? Other sampling limitations: race, socioeconomic status, sexuality, disability Selecting the measures Bias in psychological research, continued Analyzing and interpreting the findings Statistical significance Interpreting findings in a way that suggests female weakness or inferiority (male as a