BIOL 1108 1st Edition Lecture 15 Outline of Last Lecture I Learning Objectives II Circulation III Gas Exchange Outline of Current Lecture I Learning Objectives II In The News III Osmoregulation IV Excretion V Evolutionary Structural Variations Current Lecture I II Learning Objectives 1 Be able to Relate osmoconformers and osmoregulators to their environments Relate animals nitrogenous wastes to an animal s environment and energy use Compare contrast evolutionary structural variations for osmoregulation and excretion In The News Why does Nathan Siegal find Apeel Sciences appealing A biological film allows fruit from rotting as fast Prevent chemical signals of the food from getting to insects eating them Keeping the moisture inside slowing down rotting and bacterial growth Increases shelf life decrease need of pesticides Common pesticide application are airborne that can reach into other areas other than just crops contamination pollution affects bodily functions of certain organisms These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor s lecture GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes not as a substitute III Pesticide Pros increase yields enhance industrialization Pesticide Cons create resisting organisms hit non target organisms harming environment Effects on Natural Systems biomagnification pesticides effects increase the higher the food chain BET in birds soft shells dead offspring Organic farms even have detection of pesticides because of the spread o Alternatives organic farming rotating crops eat local less cost biofilms like in Apeel Sciences Effects on humans reproduction nervous and even immune systems o Organophosphorus pesticides Inhibits acetlycholrinesesterase Degrades acetylcholine in synapse Toxicity results Autonomic dysfunction Involuntary movements Affects muscle fibers Respiratory depression Osmoregulation A process by which animals control their solute concentrations and balance their water gain and loss Linked structurally and functionally with the excretory system Water travels to more concentrated areas Hyperosmotic water moves into cell as the inside of the cell as more solutes This causes the cell to burst or lyse Isoosmotic the concentrations outside and inside the cell are the same making the exchange of water equal Hypoosmotic water moves out of cell as the outside of the cell has more solutes This causes the cell to shrink and shrivel Osmoconformers conform to their environments o Consist in mostly marine invertebrates o There are similar concentrations of solute between the cell and water Osmoregulators are independent to the environment o Mostly terrestrial vertebrates The problem land animals struggle with is to retain water Adaptations include type of waste being produce type of skin ect o Must maintain cellular concentration from changing environment TOPHAT QUESTION Freshwater fish are hyperosmotic to their environment and gain water TOPHAT QUESTION Most marine fish are hypposmotic to their environment and lose water Marine fish are adapted to have gills that excrete solutes whereas freshwater fish absorb more solutes through their gills TOPHAT QUESTION Compare to a freshwater fish you would expect a marine fish to Have more concentrated urine IV V Excretion Riding the body of nitrogenous metabolites Linked structurally and functionally with osmoregulation Nitrogenous wastes o Ammonia Most toxic Most aquatic animals because water can easily break down solutes Requires more water to excrete o Urea Mammals most amphibians sharks and some bony fish o Uric Acid Many reptiles including birds insects and land snails Least toxic Most lay eggs so the solutes aren t as harmful to offspring Needs the most energy to produce endotherms require more energy ex Predators Evolutionary Structural Variations a Protonephridia i Ex Flatworms long thin body plan ii Use cilia to pull bodily fluids into the flame bulb and filters it iii Useful products return back into the body b Metanephridia i Ex Annelids ii Diffusion occurs between capillaries and tubules iii Excreting unhelpful products through body opening c Malpighian Tubules i Ex Terrestrial arthropods ii Surface area to volume ratio increases absorption iii Least toxic waste need to conserve water iv Pulls in salts and wastes into the gut v Has no filtering process but can re absorb helpful products vi Helps conserve energy and water d Kidneys i Ex Vertebrates and other chordates ii Blood flows into kidneys iii Nephrons of the kidneys conserve water