BIOL 1108 1nd Edition Lecture 21Outline of Last Lecture I. Learning Objectives II. In The News III. EcologyIV. Distribution and Abundance V. Biomes VI. Climate vs. WeatherOutline of Current Lecture I. Learning ObjectivesII. DefinitionsIII. Animal Signs and CommunicationIV. Linking Experience and BehaviorV. Survival and ReproductionVI. Inclusive Fitness and AltruismVII. DispersalCurrent LectureI. Learning Objectives- Distinguish proximate and ultimate causation for behaviors- Relate the 4 types of communication animals use to their environments- Relate behaviors to survival and reproduction within organisms’ environments - Describe how altruism could be selfish- Consider ways dispersal affects survival and reproductionThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.II. Definitions- Ecology- from the Greek, oikos (home) and logos (to study)- Behavior- an animal’s responses to external stimuli- Behavioral ecology- the study of how animals respond to environmental stimuli (abiotic and biotic)o Evolved by natural selection including: morphological and physiological adaptations that correlate to behavior- Proximate causation (factors)- “how” the behavior occurs, including the stimulus,mechanical responses, development of the behavioro Ex. Genes turning off and on- Ultimate causation (factors)- “why” the behavior evolved; its functional significance to survival and/or reproductionIII. Animal Signs and Communication- Signal- stimulus from one animal to another- Communication- signal transmission and signal reception; when the signal is received and is responded- 4 types of animal communicationo Chemical o Auditoryo Visualo Tactile TOPHAT QUESTION: Many moth species are active at night. Which form of communication do they use to help move around? ANSWER: chemicalTOPHAT QUESTION: Which of the following is the best description of a lone wolf howling? ANSWER: a wolf behavior, because there are no other wolves to receive the signal and respond.IV. Linking Experience and Behavior - Imprinting- follow motherly figures; identify parentso Contain critical periods in order to be able to learn skills o Ex. Ducks following mother- Spatial learning and cognitive maps- wasps nests using visual cueso Ex. Rat running in a maze- Associative learning- response associated with somethingo Ex. Touching fire- Cognition and problem solving- using tools, social learning; not passed on genetically, but the ability to learn them willo Ex. Puzzles and riddles V. Survival and Reproduction- Foraging behavioro More individuals in a population increase competition of resources, causing them to travel farther - Optimal foragingo Costs and benefits Ex. Crows learned to drop shells to open them and eat More energy needed to fly higher Less time to drop shells- Mating behavior and mate choiceo Seekingo Attractingo Choosingo Competing for - Sweaty t-shirt experiment: men shirts were placed in a bag to be smelled by females. Women would rate the pheromones by pleasantnesso Compare immune systems between men and womeno Women not on oral contraceptives (had normal hormonal cycles) were attracted to men with different immunities to them Higher survival rate for offspringo Women on contraceptives (alter hormonal cycles- stimulates pregnancy) were more attracted to men with similar immunities. Like family, they were attracted to men more likely to take careof offspring- Number of eggs laid or offspring born when mating with preferred or not-preferred partner experiment: chambers that allowed two different males with a female, then she would choose a male to mate with. However, the other half of females were forced to mate with the not-preferred (constrained) maleso Those that mated with constrained males laid more eggs/ had more offspring in order to make up for quality of genetic pools; to make up for the lower survival rateo Offspring survival is higher in those from the preferred males VI. Inclusive Fitness and Altruism - Inclusive fitness- passing on own genes (offspring) and those of close relatives (with whom you share genes)- Altruism- a behavior that benefits another individual’s reproductive success whilepotentially harming the reproductive success of the altruist - Hamilton’s Rule: rB > Co r- coefficient of relatedness (fraction of genes shared)o B- benefit to recipient (extra offspring)o C- cost to altruist (fewer offspring)- Kin selection- natural selection favoring altruism that increases the reproductive success of relatives- Reciprocal altruism- altruism when not related, but could be returned in the futureTOPHAT QUESTION: Which sex of prairie dogs should give an alarm call? ANSWER: Individuals are more likely to live closer to home, therefore females live closer to home and are more likely to send an alarm call to protect offspring through altruism.VII. Dispersal- Movement from one location to another, often for reproductive purposes- Affects survival and reproduction- Breeding dispersal- between breeding attempt movement- Emigration- movement from one breeding site to anothero Ex. Bluebirds nest from spring to the summer 75% of them stayed at their primary nesting location or close between different seasons  Most birds that had failing nests but had no predation remained inthe similar location, while those that had predation traveled twice as far. Different males would travel further in order to find new mates, but those that remained with the same mate traveled less- Nasal Dispersal- movement from where born to first breeding attempto Ex. Bluebirds Young birds move farther than adults to find a mate outside of thefamily Most individuals stayed about a kilometer from where they were