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UGA BIOL 1108 - EXAM 5

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BIOL 1108 1nd EditionExam # 1 Study Guide Lectures: 20 – 25Lecture 20 (November 2)Biosphere and Abiotic Conditions Learning Objectives- Understand why we study organisms in relation to their environments- Understand the influence of abiotic conditions on things such as the distribution of species- Consider similarities and differences among terrestrial and aquatic biomesIn The News: Do we choose our friends because they share our genes? - People may be similar to one another through sharing smells in different environments (Starbucks Effect)- People tend to be friends with others that have different immune systems in order to gain an extra covering of protection- Friends tend to share the same genetic complexion to our 4th cousins- Homophily: tendency to interact with individuals similar to selfo Genetic makeup o There are 4 hypotheses for hemophilic friends: Geographic proximity Choose friends of similar genotypes Choose particular environments Be chosen by third parties or selected in specific environments- Heterophily: tendency to interact with individuals dissimilar to self- In a hunter-gatherer group, the number of social ties, and gifts given, was more than expected by random chance o Characteristics that hunter-gatherer campmates and gift givers/receivers had in common, and, variation in cooperation - Relationship of gut microbes to mammal diet, taxonomic group and geographic location (provenance)- Friends had a higher number of genes in common and fewer numbers of genes that were opposite of their friends o Genetic similarities and differences Similar- Olfactory- Linoleic acid metabolismo In gene expression Different- Immune system processECOLOGY- As an organism, what constitutes “your world”?  the current environment - Why do we study organisms relative to their environments?- Ecology: the study of organisms at their environment o Ecology tends to be studied at different levels: Organism ecology Population ecology Communities ecology Ecosystem ecology Landscape ecologyDISTRIBUTION AND ABUNDANCE - What affects species’ distributions and abundance globally?- What is:o Species distribution Space between individuals Has different forms:-Clumps-Uniformly-Randomo Species abundance Number of organisms per an area- How does species distribution and abundance vary locally? Globally?o Dependence on resourceso Climate and weather- What factors are contributing to these species distribution patterns?o Elevationo Latitude- more species and higher diversity loser to the equator than at the poleso Precipitation BIOMES- Areas of the Earth characterized by similar plant communities and physical environments - Biomes vary in the average season patterns (climate) of temperature and precipitation they experience- Explain diverse biomes by looking at the average annual temperature and the average annual precipitation, which have influences on the vegetation CLIMATE VS. WEATHER- What is the difference between climate and weather?o Climate- the average temperature/precipitation annually or monthlyo Weather- day to day changes in temperature and precipitation in an environment- What drives Earth’s climates?o Solar radiation- the average solar radiation maps for summer and winter Winter in the Northern Hemisphere has less solar radiation than the Southern Hemisphere Maximum solar radiation is NOT at the equator: due to Earth’s tilto Earth’s position to the sun- tilt, rotation, revolution Earth’s inclination (23.5 degree tilt) causes seasonal changes in the latitude where the solar input is most intense -Spring Equinox: peak radiation on equator-Summer Solstice: peak radiation north of the equator-Fall Equinox: peak radiation on equator-Winter Solstice: peak radiation south of equator-The net effect: it varies between the Tropics of Cancer and Capricorn o Atmospheric gases- H2O, CO2, CH4 Global air circulation and precipitation patterns-Descending dry air absorbs moisture-Ascending moist air releases moisture- Why is the maximum not at the equator?o Earth’s tilt- Seasonal patterns in solar radiationo Earth’s inclination causes seasonal changes in the latitude where solar input in most intense - Global air circulation and precipitation patternso Create circular patterns of wind picking up moisture from the Earth and back up to the atmosphere as raino Cold and warm currents affect the amount of nutrients in the watero Cold water keeps land areas cooler, whereas warmer water near the coasts allow lands to have hotter climates Warm water is the most prolific- more life with coral reefs Aquatic waters included rivers and many smaller self-contained lakeso Together these patterns create the different biomes of the EarthTOPHAT QUESTION: Together, warm water in the tropics and cold water from the northern latitudes cause which of the following?A. Global rainfall patternsB. Circular flow of ocean currentsC. Global trade windsD. Large changes in coastal climateLecture 21 (November 12)Behavioral Ecology Learning Objectives- Distinguish proximate and ultimate causation for behaviors- Relate the 4 types of communication animals use to their environments- Relate behaviors to survival and reproduction within organisms’ environments - Describe how altruism could be selfish- Consider ways dispersal affects survival and reproductionDEFINITIONS- Ecology- from the Greek, oikos (home) and logos (to study)- Behavior- an animal’s responses to external stimuli- Behavioral ecology- the study of how animals respond to environmental stimuli (abiotic and biotic)o Evolved by natural selection including: morphological and physiological adaptations that correlate to behavior- Proximate causation (factors)- “how” the behavior occurs, including the stimulus, mechanical responses, development of the behavioro Ex. Genes turning off and on- Ultimate causation (factors)- “why” the behavior evolved; its functional significance to survival and/or reproduction- Fixed Action Pattern- a sequence of unlearned acts directly linked to a simple stimulus, unchageableANIMAL SIGNS AND COMMUNICATION- Signal- stimulus from one animal to another- Communication- signal transmission and signal reception; when the signal is received and is responded- 4 types of animal communicationo Chemical o Auditoryo Visualo Tactile - Migrationo Long distance changeo Find way sun location and circadian clock, north star position, Earth’s magnetic field affecting


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UGA BIOL 1108 - EXAM 5

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