BIOL 1108 1nd Edition Lecture 20 Outline of Last Lecture I. Learning ObjectivesII. In The NewsIII. Sexual VariationIV. Asexual MechanismV. Sexual MechanismVI. Reproductive Organs Produce and Transport Gametes VII. Human ReproductionVIII. Sex Hormones IX. Reproductive Process in Females Outline of Current Lecture I. Learning Objectives II. In The News III. EcologyIV. Distribution and Abundance V. Biomes VI. Climate vs. WeatherCurrent LectureI. Learning Objectives These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.- Understand why we study organisms in relation to their environments- Understand the influence of abiotic conditions on things such as the distribution of species- Consider similarities and differences among terrestrial and aquatic biomesII. In The News: Do we choose our friends because they share our genes? - People may be similar to one another through sharing smells in different environments (Starbucks Effect)- People tend to be friends with others that have different immune systems in order to gain an extra covering of protection- Friends tend to share the same genetic complexion to our 4th cousins- Homophily: tendency to interact with individuals similar to selfo Genetic makeup - In a hunter-gatherer group, the number of social ties, and gifts given, was more than expected by random chance o Characteristics that hunter-gatherer campmates and gift givers/receivers had in common, and, variation in cooperation - Relationship of gut microbes to mammal diet, taxonomic group and geographic location (provenance)- Friends had a higher number of genes in common and fewer numbers of genes that were opposite of their friends o Genetic similarities and differences Similar- Olfactory- Linoleic acid metabolismo In gene expression Different- Immune system processIII. Ecology- As an organism, what constitutes “your world”?- Why do we study organisms relative to their environments?- Ecology: the study of organisms at their home/livingo Ecology tends to be studied at different levels: Organism ecology Population ecology Communities ecology Ecosystem ecology Landscape ecology Global ecologyIV. Distribution and Abundance - What affects species’ distributions and abundance globally?- What is:o Species distribution Space between individuals Has different forms:- Clumps- Uniformly- Randomo Species abundance Number in an area- How does species distribution and abundance vary locally? Globally?o Dependence on resourceso Climate and weather- What factors are contributing to these species distribution patterns?o Elevationo Latitude- more species and higher diversity loser to the equator than at the poleso Precipitation V. Biomes - Areas of the Earth characterized by similar plant communities and physical environments - Biomes vary in the average season patterns (climate) of temperature and precipitation they experience VI. Climate vs. Weather- What is the difference between climate and weather?- How do we explain diverse biomes?- What drives Earth’s climates?o Solar radiation- sun bearing down on the Eartho Earth’s position to the sun- tilt, rotation, revolutiono Atmospheric gases- H2O, CO2, CH4- Why is the maximum not at the equator?o Earth’s tilt- Seasonal patterns in solar radiationo Earth’s inclination causes seasonal changes in the latitude where solar input in most intense - Global air circulation and precipitation patternso Create circular patterns of wind picking up moisture from the Earth and back up to the atmosphere as raino Cold and warm currents affect the amount of nutrients in the watero Cold water keeps land areas cooler, whereas warmer water near the coasts allow lands to have hotter climates Warm water is the most prolific- more life with coral reefs Aquatic waters included rivers and many smaller self-contained lakeso Together these patterns create the different biomes of the EarthTOPHAT QUESTION: Together, warm water in the tropics and cold water from the northern latitudes cause which of the following?A. Global rainfall patternsB. Circular flow of ocean currentsC. Global trade windsD. Large changes in coastal