BIOL 1108 1nd Edition Lecture 12 Outline of Last Lecture I. Learning Objectives II. In The NewsIII. Starch and CelluloseIV. Plant History Outline of Current Lecture I. Learning ObjectivesII. In The News III. Negative FeedbackIV. HomeostasisV. ThermoregulationVI. Abiotic vs. Biotic FactorsCurrent LectureI. Learning Objectives1. Practice observing animal FORM and relating it to FUNCTION 2. Be able to define homeostasis 3. Be able to draw a generalized homeostatic feedback diagram and understand its terminology 4. Understand two evolutionary “strategies” animals have for thermoregulation 5. Consider organisms’ physiological, morphological, and behavioral adaptations for thermoregulating within their environments II. In The News: “Why did John O’Keefe, May-Britt Moser and Edvard I. Moser update their Facebook pages last week?”- These scientists won the 2014 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for discovering how the brain stores information through the “inner” GPS navigation These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.of brain cells. This discovery can ultimately help find a cure for brain diseases, such as Alzheimer’s.o Discovery of brain cells that give the body a sense of self-locationo Sense of space (spatial arrangement) in mice was measured using electrodes in their brains.o Neuron firing was relative to direction of where the mice were facing and spatial cueso Representation of these signals are found in the entorhinal cortex and hippocampus. III. Negative FeedbackTOPHAT QUESTION: How would you define a negative feedback loop?- A) A process whereby a change in an initial condition triggers a response that counteracts the initial change. - The receptor: receives information that something in the environment is changing.- The control center: or integration center receives and processes information from the receptor.- The effector: responds to the commands of the control center by either opposing or enhancing the stimulus.- This is an ongoing process that continually works to restore and maintain homeostasis. IV. Homeostasis- The property of a system in which variables are regulated so that internal conditions remain stable and relatively constant.- Homeostatic regulation involves three parts or mechanisms: 1. The receptor2. The control center3. The effector- For example, in regulating body temperature there are temperature receptors in the skin, which communicate information to the brain, which is the control center, and the effector is our blood vessels and sweat glands in our skin.- Because the internal and external environment of the body are constantly changing and adjustments must be made continuously to stay at or near the set point, homeostasis can be thought of as a synthetic equilibrium.V. Thermoregulation- Heat gain and lossa. Radiationi. The emission of electromagnetic waves by all objects warmer than absolute zero.ii. Can transfer heat between objects that are not in direct contact, as when a lizard absorbs heat radiating from the sun.b. Evaporationi. The removal of heat from the surface of a liquid that is losing some of its molecules as gas.ii. For example, evaporation of water from a lizard’s moist surfaces that are exposed to the environment had a strong cooling effect.c. Convectioni. The transfer of heat by the movement of air or liquid past a surface, as when a breeze contributes to heat loss from a lizard’s dry skin, or blood moves from the body core to the extremities. d. Conductioni. The direct transfer of thermal motion (heat) between molecules of objects in direct contact with each other, as when a lizard sits a hot rock- Heat gain/loss and environmental interaction relative to organisms’ physiological,morphological, and behavioral adaptations. VI. Abiotic vs. Biotic Factors- Abiotic Factorso Temperature- hooter near the equator, colder near the poles o Land vs. Water- cool down faster in water than airo Elevation- cooler in higher areas and in low areaso Sunlight vs. Shade- warmer in the sunlighto Vegetationo Water- Biotic Factorso Ectotherms: heat source from something external Ex. Lizardo Endotherms: internal/ metabolistic heat source; regulates own heat  Ex.