EXSS 276 1st Edition Lecture 25 Outline of Last Lecture I. Fluids of the BodyII. What is blood?III. Physical characteristicsIV. ComponentsV. ErythrocytesOutline of Current LectureI. LeukocytesII. Thrombocytes/PlateletsIII. Blood Groups and Blood TypesIV. Cardiovascular SystemCurrent LectureI. Leukocytesa. Less numerous than RBCsb. 5,000-10,000 cells per drop of bloodc. 1 WBC for every 700 RBCd. Function via different mechanisms (phagocytosis, combat parasitic worms, allergic reactions, inflammatory response, destroy foreign invaders)e. Granulocytes: with granulesi. Neutrophils1. 60-70% of all WBCs2. Phagocytosisii. Eosinophils1. Combat allergies2. Phagocytosisiii. Basophils1. Smallest of granulocytes2. Prevent excessively rapid clotting: allergic reactionsf. Agranulocytes: without granules i. Lymphocytes1. 20-25% of all WBCs2. T cells, B cells, natural killer cells (NKC)a. NKC: innate immune system; attacks foreign bodies, can directly destroy cellsThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.b. B cells: make antibodies against antigens, develop into memory B cells c. T cells: attack viruses 3. Mediate immune responsesii. Monocytes1. 3-8% of all WBCs2. Phagocytosis; fixed or wandering macrophages 3. Clean up* II. Thrombocytes/Plateletsa. Anatomyi. Disc-shapedii. 2-4 micron cell fragment w/ no nucleusiii. Normal platelet count: 150,000-400,000 per drop of bloodiv. Other blood cell counts:1. 5 million red and 5,000-10,000 WBCb. Involved w/ hemostasis (arresting of bleeding)c. Circulate in inactive form; become active when there is vascular insult or blood lossd. Accumulate at damaged area, form platelet pluge. Granules contain chemicals to promote clottingf. If blood loss occurs…i. Vascular spasm (vasoconstriction slowing down blood flow) 1. Contraction of smooth muscle in arterioles or arteriesii. Platelet plug formation1. Platelet adhesion to blood vessel (collagen fibers stick)a. Adhesion activates platelets and characteristics change, extend numerous projections, interact w/ one another andrelease vesicles => vasoconstrictionb. Signals released include ADP – send out more signals for more platelet to come help2. Aggregation a. As more platelets come in, (characteristic changes) get sticky and adhere to originally activated platelets3. Platelet plugiii. Blood clotting1. Intrinsic pathwaya. Slower response pathwayb. Involves trauma to blood itself or exposure of blood to collagenc. Associate w/ atherosclerotic plaque build-up, seen w/ hypertension2. Extrinsic pathwaya. Rapid responseb. Involves trauma to blood vessels or extravascular tissuesc. What we commonly see in response to when we have a scratch on our skin and bleeding occurs3. Both pathways => common pathwaya. Prothrombinase converts prothrombin into thrombin b. Thrombin converts soluble fibrinogen into insoluble fibrin4. Ultimately form fibrin – insoluble fiber that stops blood 5. Blood clot consists of network of insoluble protein fibers called fibrin – formed elements are trapped III. Blood Groups and Blood Typesa. RBC surfaces are marked by genetically determined glycoproteins and glycolipidsTYPE A TYPE B TYPE AB TYPE OA antigen B antigen A and B antigens Neither A nor B antigensAnti-B antibody Anti-A antibody Neither antibody Both anti-A and anti-B antibodiesb. When they react (types not compatible), destroy by hemolysis i. “Sprinkles on donuts” must not match up c. Universal donors and recipientsi. AB blood = universal recipient1. Have no antibodies in plasmaii. O blood = universal donor1. No antigens on their cells d. Rh factori. Antigen was discovered in blood of Rhesus monkeyii. People w/ Rh protein on RBC surface are Rh+iii. Normal plasma contains no anti-Rh antibodiesiv. Antibodies develop in Rh- if they’re exposed to antigen1. Transfusion of + blood2. If pregnant w/ an Rh+ fetusv. Hemolytic disease of newborns1. If Rh- mother and Rh+ fetusa. 1st pregnancy: mom exposed to Rh+ fetal blood at deliveryb. Between pregnancies = mom’s body creates Rh antibodiesc. 2nd pregnancy = mom’s body will react to Rh+ fetal blood2. Treatment: Rh immunoglobulin (RhIg) also known as RhoGAM, prevents mom’s antibodies from attacking Rh+ cellsIV. Cardiovascular Systema. Left ventricle stronger than right because must pump blood throughout entire bodyb. Heart pumps over 1 million gallons of blood per yearc. Over 60,000 miles of blood vesselsd. Anatomyi. Superior (and inferior) vena cava: deoxygenated blood coming into heartii. Aorta: distributing oxygenated bloodiii. Parietal pleura: reducing frictioniv. Parietal pericardium: lines the chest walle. Layers of Heart Walli. Epicardium: visceral layer of serous pericardium (fluid) 1. Confines heart to its position2. Reduces frictionii. Myocardium: cardiac muscle layer is bulk of the heartiii. Endocardium: chamber lining and