EXSS 276 1st Edition Lecture 8 Outline of Last Lecture I. Why is oxygen so important?II. Protein Structure & MetabolismIII. Transamination & DeaminationIV. Glucose-Alanine CycleV. Protein Metabolism Regulation: HormonesVI. Interconversion of MacronutrientsVII. Short group quizOutline of Current LectureI. Post-absorptive stateII. Absorptive stateIII. Diet and EnergyIV. Exam ReviewCurrent LectureI. Post-absorptive statea. Function: to maintain glucose levelsb. Ways of producing ATP:c.i. GluconeogenesisThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.1. Breakdown of liver glycogenii. Other non-CHO sources1. Oxidation of fatty acids2. Acetyl-coA: part of metabolic crossroadsa. Why? Starts Krebs cycle, synthesis component 3. Oxidation of lactic acida. Lactate => ATP4. Amino acids jump into ATP productiona. Can jump into Krebs cycle 5. Ketone bodies: diffuse right through membrane6. Breakdown of muscle glycogena. Cortisol*7. Remember that main function is maintain blood glucoseII. Absorptive statea.b. Nutrients are circulatingc. Oxidation of glucose for ATP happening in body cells d. Storage of excess fuel e. 50% of glucose is oxidized to produce ATPf. 40% glucose converted to triglyceridesg. 10% converted to glycogen h. Fatty acids and triglycerides synthesized in the liveri. Low-density lipoproteins clog, HDL remove those j. Adipose stores a lot of energy – have excess when we need itk. Deaminated- remove amine group => ketoacid III. Diet and Energya. ATP used for energyb. We put food into body (not ATP)c. Food energy is measured in kilocalories (=dietary calories)d. Heat energy => 1 kg water => 1 degree Celsiuse. Food energy in kcali. CHO 4 kcal per gii. Protein 4 kcal per giii. Fat 9 kcal per g f. Neutral energy balancei. Energy intake (food) = energy storage (body weight) = energy output (everything) g. Positive energy balancei. Intake is increased but output is unchanged ii. => Increase energy storage (body weight)h. Negative energy balancei. Intake is unchanged but output is increasedii. => Decrease in energy storage (body weight)IV. Exam Reviewa. Glucose metabolismi. Three components: what they use/produceb. Protein metabolismi. Where the contributions arec. Cell physiologyi. Membrane transportii. Secondary active transport1. Symporters: with the gradient vs. Antiporters: goes against gradient iii. Active vs. passive (diffusion, osmosis)iv. Na/K pumpd. Crossroadsi. Acetyl CoA1. Starts Krebs cycleii. G-6-P1. Second step in glycolysis2. Results in pyruvate 3. Or can go back to glucoseiii. Pyruvate1. Production: Acetyl CoA, lactate, alanine, oxaloacetate e. Hormonal controlf. Bring
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