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UNC-Chapel Hill EXSS 276 - Nervous System

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EXSS 276 1st Edition Lecture 14 Outline of Last Lecture I. Reproductive EndocrinologyII. Nervous SystemOutline of Current LectureI. Common NeurotransmittersII. The Nervous SystemIII. Sympathetic Nervous System (thoracolumbar) IV. Parasympathetic (cervical / sacral) V. Enteric NSCurrent LectureI. Common Neurotransmittersa. Acetylcholine (ACh) excitatory/inhibitoryb. Amino acids (glutamate - e, aspartate - e, GABA-most common inhibitory) excitatory/inhibitoryc. Amines (NE, epinephrine, dopamine, serotonin) excitatory/inhibitoryd. ATP – excitatorye. Nitric oxide – excitatoryf. Neuropeptides (endorphins, hypothalamic hormones, CCK) - excitatory/inhibitoryII. The Nervous Systema. Central Nervous Systemi. Function of tracts – highways for sensory and motor info1. Sensory (ascending tracts) conduct nerve impulses toward brain2. Motor (descending) tracts conduct impulses down cordii. Tract receives and integrates incoming and outgoing informationb. Peripheral Nervous Systemi. Autonomic (splits into sympathetic, parasympathetic, enteric)1. ANS operates via reflex arcs2. 2 neurons in pathway (pre and postganglionic)3. 2 neurons connect the spinal cord and effector organ; ganglion is in between them (myelinated = pre, not myelinated = post)4. Ganglion = group of nerve cells5. Continual flow of sensory input from receptors in organs and motor output to same organsThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.6. Not aware of autonomic responses (control center is in the lower region of brain) 7. Hypothalamus is major control center8. Balance between the divisions – hypothalamus regulates balance between sympathetic and parasympathetic activity9. Dual innervation of most organsa. Tonic status b. Ex: both divisions innervate the heart 10. Sympathetic – fight or flight 11. Parasympathetic – rest and digest12. Enteric 13. Hypothalamic control of ANSa. Input: emotions and visceral sensory infoi. Smell, taste, temperature, osmolarity of bloodb. Output: to nuclei in brainstem and spinal cordc. Posterior and lateral portions control sympathetic NSd. Anterior and medial portions control parasympathetic NS14. ANS Neurons and Receptorsa. Preganglionic neuron sends info btw spinal cord and ganglionb. Postganglionic nerve sends info btw ganglion and effectorc. Naming of neurons based on NT release; naming of receptor based on NT received and receptor locationi. ACh: cholinergic neurons, nicotinic receptors, muscarinic receptors1. *ALL PREGANGLIONIC NEURONS RELEASE ACh => nicotinic receptor (causing excitation)2. If postganglionic neuron releases ACh => muscarinic receptor3. If postganglionic neuron releases NE => adrenergic receptor ii. NE: adrenergic neurons, adrenergic receptors d. Receptorsi. Nicotinic: preganglionic, receives ACh (excitation)ii. Adrenergic: post, receives NE (excite/inhibit)iii. Muscarinic: post, receives ACh (excite/inhibit)e. All preganglionic neurons release ACh to nicotinic receptors (cause excitation)f. Postganglionic neurons release NE to adrenergic receptors (SNS) or ACh to muscarinic receptors (PNS)15. ANS NT’sa. Neurons classified based up NT releasedb. Adrenergic – postganglionic, release NEii. Somatic1. Sensory neurons to CNS and motor neurons to skeletal muscle2. 1 neuron pathwaya. 1 neuron connects spinal cord and muscle cell - myelinated3. Involves NT ACh4. Motor neurons innervate skeletal muscle to produce conscious, voluntary movements5. Effect of motor neuron is always excitation6. Special senses iii. Somatic vs. Autonomic NS1. Somatic: consciously perceived sensationsa. Excitation of skeletal muscleb. 1 neuron connects CNS to organ2. Autonomic: unconsciously perceived visceral sensationsa. Involuntary inhibition or excitation of smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, glandular secretionb. TWO neurons needed to connect CNS to organi. Preganglionic and postganglionic neurons3.III. Sympathetic Nervous System (thoracolumbar) a. Part of autonomic NS under peripheral NSb. Fight or flight prepares you for acute stress or physical activityc. Response caused by physical or emotional stress: “E situations” i. E – emergency, embarrassment, excitement, exercised. Responsesi. Dilation of pupils, airways / respiratory rate increasesii. Increase heart rate, force of contraction and BP, blood flow to skeletal andcardiac muscle, blood glucose levelsiii. Increase blood pressure and mental activityiv. Decrease in blood flow to nonessential organsv. Some organs only have sympathetic innervation1. Sweat glands, adrenal medulla, arrector pili mm and many blood vessels2. Controlled by regulation of tone of sympathetic systemIV. Parasympathetic (cervical / sacral) a. Rest and digest activitiesb. Conserve and restore energy during times of restc. Actions oppose those of sympathetic systemd. Decrease HR, constricted/decreased diameter of airways and coronary vessels e. Normally dominate over sympathetic impulsesf. SLUDD: salivation, lacrimation (tear production), urination, digestion, defecationg. Very specified i. Long preganglionic neuronii. Short postganglionic neuronV. Enteric NSa. Innervates viscerai. Gastrointestinal tract, pancreas, gall bladderb. Butterflies in your stomach feelingc. Involuntary body processesd. 2 neurons in


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UNC-Chapel Hill EXSS 276 - Nervous System

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