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UNC-Chapel Hill EXSS 276 - Hormones Cont.

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EXSS 276 1st Edition Lecture 12 Outline of Last Lecture I. Adrenal CortexII. Metabolic HormonesIII. Diabetes MellitusIV. Human Growth Hormone (hGH) and Insulin-like Growth Factors (IGF)Outline of Current LectureI. hGH and IGFII. The Thyroid GlandIII. Parathyroid GlandsIV. Water/Electrolyte Balance HormonesV. SummaryCurrent LectureI. hGH and IGFa. hGH: most plentiful anterior pituitary hormoneb. Essential for normal growth during childhood and adolescencec. Promotes synthesis and secretion of small protein hormones called IGFsi. Stimulate growth and regulate metabolismd. Major physiological effects of hGHi. Stimulation of growth:1. Increasing amino acid uptake and protein synthesis while decreasing breakdown of protein and amino acid use for ATP productionii. Metabolic effects:1. Stimulate lipolysis, fatty acids used for ATP2. Spares use of glucose for ATP production, keeps blood glucose levels high enough to supply brainiii. Stimuli for release:1. Decreased glucose, fatty acid, amino acid levels in blood2. Increased SNS activity, stress, exercise, other hormones e. Regulation of hGH by hypothalamusThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.i.II. The Thyroid Glanda. Hormones Released by Thyroidi. T4=thyroxine1. More secreted, less biologic activityii. T3=triiodothyronine1. Less secreted, more biologic activityiii. T3 and T4 circulate bound to thyroxine-binding globulin (TBG)1. Both are lipid-soluble2. T4 converted to T3 (partially) => higher concentration in the bloodsince T4 converted to T3iv. Calcitoninb. Regulation of T3 and T4i. Hypothalamus => Thyroid releasing hormone => anterior pituitary => thyroid stimulating hormone => thyroid gland => T3 and T4c. Role of Thyroid Hormones – Gene Activationi. T4 and T3 1. Metabolic – mitochondriaa. Increase O2 consumptionb. Increase ATP produce via glucose and FFA (free fatty acids)c. Increase production of heatd. Increase BMR2. Growth and developmenta. Brain, bone, muscle tissue, stimulate protein synthesis and accelerate tissue growth and HGH3. Neuro-endocrinea. Enhance effects of: epinephrine (increase beta receptors), glucagon, growth hormoned. Stimuli for T3 and T4 releasei. Hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis1. Low blood levels of T3 and T42. Low metabolic rate3. Increase in ATP demanda. Cold temperatures, increase energy expenditure, hypoglycemia, high altitude, pregnancye. Thyroid Regulationi.f. Hyperthyroidismi. Overproduction of T4 and/or T3ii. Major causes: Graves’ Disease, thyroid tumor, multinodular goiter1. Graves’: antibodies stimulating TSHiii. Signs: weight loss, feeling hot, fatigue, irritability, jittery feeling and behavioriv. Treatment: administration of drugs that inhibit thyroid hormones, administration of beta blockers, radioactive iodine, surgeryg. Hypothyroidism: Underproduction of T4 and/or T3i. Major causes: Myxedema, iodine deficiency, stressii. Signs: weight gain, feeling cold, fatigue, slowed thinking, lethargyiii. Treatment: administration of thyroid hormones (TSH)h. The Third Hormones: Calcitonini. Regulates calcium homeostasisii. Lowers blood levels of calcium, inhibits bone resorption by osteoclastsiii. Builds bone, incorporates calcium into bone matrix III. Parathyroid Glandsa. Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)i. Regulates homeostasis of calcium, magnesium, phosphateii. Increase blood calcium and magnesium levelsiii. Decrease blood phosphate leveliv. Increase number and activity of osteoclastsv. Promotes bone resorption and release of calciumvi. Stimulates kidneys to secrete calcitrol and cause reabsorption of calcium from foodvii. Can respond w/out pituitary interaction 1. If calcium blood levels are high, PTH stimulated directly (not through pituitary or hypothalamus – straight to parathyroid) IV. Water/Electrolyte Balance Hormonesa. 3 Hormones of Adrenal Cortexi. Mineralcorticoids => aldosteroneii. Glucocorticoids => cortisoliii. Androgens (steroid hormones w/ masculine effects)b. Aldosteronei. Mineralcorticoid: involved in regulation of NA+ and K+ homeostasisii. Major physiological roles1. Reabsorption of Na+ and H2O…BP increases2. Excretion of K+ and H+ in urineiii. Stimuli1. Dehydration, Na+ deficiency, increased K+ concentration, hemorrhagec. Renin-Angiotensin Pathwayi. Stimulation: dehydration, Na+ deficiency, hemorrhageii. Decrease in blood volume => decrease in blood pressureiii. => Juxtaglomerular cells of kidneys =>iv. Renin increases angiotensin Iv. To lung, ACE => angiotensin IIvi. To increase blood volume and pressure:1. Vasoconstriction of arterioles2. Stimulates adrenal cortexa. Increases aldosterone => increased Na+ and water reabsorption => increases blood volume and pressureb. Increased K+ in extracellular fluid => increases aldosteroned. ADHi. Also called vasopressinii. Made in hypothalamus, stored and released in posterior pituitaryiii. Physiological effects1. Decreases urine volume by causing kidneys to reabsorb water2. Constriction of blood vessels, causes increased BP3. Kidneys, sweat glands, smooth muscle and wallsa. Kidneys – stimulates to retain more water (Decrease urine)b. Decreases secretary activity in sweat glandsc. Smooth muscle – contract and constrict lumens => increase BPiv. Stimuli for release:1. Increased blood osmolarity, decreased blood volume from dehydration, sweating, hemorrhage, vomiting, diarrheaV. Summarya. Stress hormones: catecholamines (epinephrine, NE, cortisol)i. Catecholamines from adrenal medulla, adrenal cortex for cortisolii. Stimuli for release:1. Share some common stimuli – exercise, decreased blood glucose, emotional stress2. Know relationship btw increased SNS activity and increased catecholamine release3. For cortisol: increased physical traumaiii. HPA axis specifically works to control cortisol level w/in desirable range (negative feedback loop)iv. Major roles:1. Know cardiovascular effects (catecholamines and cortisol)2. Know immune system effects (cortisol)v. Cushing’s Syndromeb. Metabolic Hormones: insulin, glucagon, hGH, thyroid and parathyroid hormonesi. Organs that releaseii. Role of eachiii. Stimuli for release1. hGH we outlined how hypothalamus can control hGH secretioniv. HPT axis works to control thyroid hormone levelsv. Calcitonin, PTH, calcitrol work together to keep blood calcium levelsvi. Diabetes, excess hGH, hyperthyroidism, hypothyroidismc. Water/Electrolyte Balance Hormones: aldosterone, ADHi.


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