EXSS 276 1st Edition Lecture 16 Outline of Last Lecture I. ReflexesII. Reflex ArcsIII. Muscle SpindleIV. Golgi Tendon OrgansV. Types of Sensory ReceptorsOutline of Current LectureI. BrainII. Brain Stem (relay center)III. CerebellumIV. DiencephalonV. CerebrumVI. Basal GangliaVII. Cerebral Cortex AreasCurrent LectureI. Braina. Makes up 2% of adult weight, but uses 20% of glucose and oxygenb. Brief interruptions of O2 can cause loss of consciousnessi. 1-2 min = neuron dysfunctionii. 3-4 min = permanent damagec. Brain uses glucose and has no glucose storagei. Interruptions in glucose supply causes confusion, dizziness, convulsions, loss of consciousnessd. Partsi. Brain stem (midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata)ii. Cerebellumiii. Diencephalon (thalamus, hypothalamus)iv. CerebrumII. Brain Stem (relay center)a. Midbraini. Relays motor output from cerebral cortex to ponsii. Sends sensory input from spinal cord to thalamusiii. Mostly visual b. PonsThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.i. Relays impulses from one side of cerebellum to the otherii. Relays impulses from medulla to midbrainiii. Regulates breathingc. Medullai. Relays sensory input and motor output between brain and spinal cordii. Consciousness and arousaliii. Regulates heartbeat, blood vessel diameter, breathingiv. Decussation = cross overIII. Cerebelluma. Compares intended to actual movementsb. Coordinatorc. Regulates posture and balanced. Complex movements (learning/storage/recall)IV. Diencephalona. Thalamusi. Built to send signalsii. Relays sensory input to cerebral cortexiii. Helps plan and control movementsiv. Perceives touch, pressure, vibration, pain, temperatureb. Hypothalamusi. Controls and integrates ANS and pituitary glandii. Emotion and behavioriii. Body temperature, eating, drinking, sleepiv. Hormones associated with posterior pituitary but ADH and oxytocinc. Epithalamusi. Pineal gland which secretes hormone – melatonin (helps regulate sleep-wake cycles)V. Cerebruma. Sensory areas: perceive sensory infob. Motor areas: plan and initiate muscular movementsc. Association areas: memory, personality, intelligenced. Basal ganglia: coordinate gross movements and muscle tone (do not directly send signals to or directly receive signal from spinal cord)e. Limbic system: emotion, survival, amygdala = fearVI. Basal Gangliaa. Globus pallidusi. Gives output, sends feedback signals to motor cortex via thalamusb. Putamen & Caudate nucleus i. Receive sensory and motor input from cerebral cortex – sends to Globus Pallidusc. Communicates w/ cerebellumd. Regulates initiation and termination of movementse. Damage to it = uncontrollable shaking (tremors)i. Involuntary movements (Parkinson’s disease) – lack of dopamine VII. Cerebral Cortex Areasa. Primary somatosensory areai. Postcentral gyrusii. Size of cortical area = dependent on neuronsiii. Provides sensory info for movement planning and modificationb. Somatosensory association areai. Personal will, memory, judgment (higher emotion)ii. Posterior parietal: interprets sensory info so movement is consistent w/ environmentc. Premotor areai. Anticipationii. Correct orientation prior to movementiii. Sensory guidance of limbs (esp. visual) iv. Active during learningd. Supplementary motor areai. Plans movements and muscle sequencing – 2 handed actionse. Primary motor areai. Precentral gyrusii. Synthesizes info from CNSiii. Initiates central commandiv. Specifies muscles contraction force, and timing; trunk muscle controlf. Somatic sensory and motor maps in cerebral cortexi. Homunculusii.iii. Size of region = proportional to number of specialized sensory