EXSS 276 1st Edition Lecture 7 Outline of Last Lecture I. LipidsII. TerminologyIII. Lipid Metabolism: Basic StepsIV. Lipid Metabolism Regulation: Substrates and ProductsV. Lipolysis – LipogenesisVI. Ketone BodiesVII. Protein MetabolismOutline of Current LectureI. Why is oxygen so important?II. Protein Structure & MetabolismIII. Transamination & DeaminationIV. Glucose-Alanine CycleV. Protein Metabolism Regulation: HormonesVI. Interconversion of MacronutrientsVII. Short group quizCurrent LectureI. Why is oxygen so important?a. Electrons being released through proton pumps; oxygen is the final acceptorb. At the final pump, takes on two electrons, binds, and becomes waterII. Protein Structure & Metabolisma. Polypeptide chain = amino acids held together by peptide bondsb. Gluconeogenesis (AA => glucose)i. Conversion AA to pyruvateii. Glucose – alanine cycleiii. Glucose – glutamine cycle iv. The two cycles show how amino acids involved in different processesc. Krebs cycle intermediates (AA => Krebs)III. Transamination & Deaminationa. Before AA available to use, nitrogen-containing amine group must be removedb. Deaminationi. Mitochondrial matrixii. Result: glutamate => urea => urineThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.iii. Breaking down nitrogen containing amine group – getting rid of itc. Transamination (transfer)i. More commonii. Transfers amine group from amino acid to keto acid (inside liver)d.IV. Glucose-Alanine Cyclea. One example of how amino acid can be movedb. Alanine: gluconeogenesis precursorc. In the skeletal muscle (which you want intact); not major source of energy*d. Free amino acids enter Krebs cycle V. Protein Metabolism Regulation: Hormonesa. Protein catabolism (Proteolysis)i. Increase rate: cortisolb. Protein Anabolism (Protein Synthesis)i. Increase rate: growth hormone & IGFs, thyroid hormones, insulin, estrogen, testosterone VI. Interconversion of Macronutrientsa.b. All involved together, no one exclusively by themselvesc. Key molecules at metabolic crossroadsi. Different reactions occur because of nutritional status or level of physical activityii. G-6-phosphate1. Induces glycolysisiii. Pyruvic acid1. Lactate production2. Acetyl CoA production3. Alanine production4. Oxaloacetate intermediate 5. Can dump back into systems to make more energyiv. Acetyl CoA1. Entry into Krebs cycle2. Synthesis of lipids and ketone bodies VII. Short group
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