EXSS 276 1st EditionExam # 1 Study Guide Lectures: 1 - 8Overview of Cell PhysiologyPhysiology: science of body functions- Key concepts: Homeostasis, gradients, feedback loopsHomeostasis- Maintaining the internal environment w/in physiological limits- Ex: blood glucose level kept w/in 70-110 mg/dL- Accomplished via feedback loops- Disrupted by external stimuli and internal stimuli (usually mild and temporary)Gradients- Different in concentration of substance in one area vs. difference in concentration of substance in another area- Substances move down gradients (from high to low); ex: osmosisFeedback Loops- General mechanisms that body uses to maintain homeostasis- Components: receptor, control center, effector- Negative feedbacko Response to stimulus reverses original o Ex: blood pressureo Most common- Positive feedbacko Enhances original stimuluso Ex: childbirtho Reinforces change in controlled conditionPlasma Membrane Transport- Transport of material across plasma membrane- Passive: substance moves down concentration w/ only kinetic energyo Diffusion Simple- Rate factors: gradient steepness, temperature, mass, surface area,diffusion distance- Move freely through bilayer w/out membrane transport proteins - Nonpolar hydrophobic- Uncharged polar Facilitated- Too polar or highly charged- Channel mediated: K+, Cl-, Na+, Ca2+- Carrier mediated: glucose, fructose, galactose, vitamins Osmosis- Net movement of solvent through selectively permeable membrane- Solutes move from high to low- Solvents move from low solute concentration to high solute concentration- Move btw neighboring phospholipid molecules via simple diffusion- Move through integral membrane proteins functioning as water channels, aquaporins- Activeo Polar or charged solutes moving against gradient o Primary Energy from hydrolysis of ATP molecule changes carrier protein shape Pumps substance across Na+/K+ pump brings in K+, expels Na+o Secondary Energy stored in ionic concentration gradient Carrier protein binds to Na+ plus another substance, changes its shape so both cross membrane Symporters: move substances in same direction Antiporters: move substances in opposite directionsCell Overview- Eukaryotic cello Cytoplasm Contains:- Cytosol-water and dissolved solutes/particles- Organelles-endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria, etc.o Mitochondria Vesicle filled surrounded by double thick membrane Self-replicating Main role in cellular respirationo Lysosomes Irregularly shaped Contain enzymes to breakdown proteins, RNA, DNA, certain carbso ER Transports substances, stores newly synthesized molecules, synthesizes/packages molecules, detoxifies chemicals, releases calcium involved in muscle contraction Rough ER- Outer surface w/ ribosomes (site of protein synthesis, composed by package of ribosomal RNA)- Protein synthesis Smooth ER- No ribosomes- Glycogen storage and synthesis- Steroid synthesis, drug detox, Ca storage and release o Golgi Apparatus Flattened saccules surrounding one pole of nucleus Secretory cells Modify proteins made by ER Process, sort, package proteins to be transported towhere needed o Membrane Lipid bilayer 3 lipids: cholesterol, glycolipids scattered among double row of phospholipid molecules Fatty acid tails = hydrophobic Polar heads = hydrophilic  Flexible, sturdy barrier; surrounds and contains cytoplasm Fluid mosaic modelo Nucleus Some RBC have none; others several; most 1 Contains DNA House’s genesKey Terms-- A or an=w/out- Anti=against- Auto=self- Baro=pressure- Brady=slow- Chemo=chemical- De=opposite, remove, reduce- Dys=difficult- Endo=inside- Epi=upper- Eu=normal- Exo=outside- Gluc(o)=glucose- Hyper=above, excessive- Hypo=below, incomplete, deficient- Inter=between- Intra=w/in- Iso=same- Lip(o)=fat- Neo=new- Para=acts locally- Peri=surrounding- Pneumo=lung- Poly=many- Post=after- Pre=before- Sub=less, below- Super/supra=above, excessive- Syn/sym=together- Tachy=rapid- Trans=through- Vaso=blood vessel- -ase=enzyme- -emia=blood- -genesis=production- -ism=action- -lysis=destruction- -necrosis=death of tissue- -ology=study of- -osis=disease- -plasty=surgical repair- -pnea=breathing- -rrhage=bursting forth- -rrhea=flow, discharge- -sclerosis=abnormal hardeningGlucose/Carbohydrate MetabolismCarbohydrates- Monosaccharides: glucose, fructose, galactose- Disaccharides: sucrose, lactose, maltose - Polysaccharides: glycogen, cellulose, starcho Glycogen: main polysaccharide, storage form of glucose What is metabolism?- Catabolism=breakdowno Produces energy- Anabolism=buildingo Consumes energy- Metabolism=sum of all chemical reactions in the body- ATP: adenosine triphosphate, useful form of chemical energy in our bodiesInterrelationship of Energy- “Conservation of energy”- Food: chemical energy => converted inside body => ATP: chemical energyEnzymes- Catalysts that regulate speed of reactionso Lower activation energy- Factors that regulate enzyme activityo Temperatureo pH- Interact w/ specific substrates Carbohydrates: Glucose Metabolism- Termso Glucose: C6H12O6, major energy source for ATP productiono Glycogen: polymer of glucose; acts as stored form of glucose in liver and skeletal muscle o Glycolysis: breakdown of glucose to ATPo Gluconeogenesis: formation of glucose from non-CHO precursoro Glycogenolysis: glycogen => glucoseo Glycogenesis: glucose => glycogen Glycolysis- Glucose => pyruvate- 1 molecule glucose => 2 molecules pyruvate, 2 NADH + H+, 2 ATP- Anaerobic process (no O2)- Cytosol- Pyruvate => lactate or acetyl-coAo To lactate w/out oxygen (anaerobic); occurs in cytosolo To acetyl-coA w/ oxygen (aerobic); occurs in mitochondrial matrix Key Enzymes- Hexokinase: conversion of glucose to G-6-P- Phosphofructokinase (PFK): regulates rate of glycolysis- Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH): pyruvate => lactate- Pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH): pyruvate => acetyl coASteps of Glycolysis- Glucose => G-6-P via hexokinase- G-6-P => fructose 6 phosphate => fructose, 1,6, diphosphate via PFK => dihydroxyacetone / glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate => pyruvateGlycolysis Regulation- Increasing rateo Increased ADP, AMP, P (increases activity of PFK)o Decreased O2 availability, increased H+ ions (decreases ability to