EXSS 276 1st Edition Lecture 5 Outline of Last Lecture I. Glycolysis RegulationII. Krebs CycleIII. Electron Transport ChainIV. Glycogenesis, Glycogenolysis, GluconeogenesisOutline of Current LectureI. Carbohydrate Metabolism Regulation: HormonesII. SummaryCurrent LectureI. Carbohydrate Metabolism Regulation: Hormonesa. Control of glycogenesis (glucose => glycogen) i. Increate rate: insulin (made in pancreas, secreted by beta cells, stimulatedby high blood glucose levels)b. Control of Glycogenolysis (glycogen => glucose)i. Increate rate1. Catecholamines – in adrenal medulla, kidney (epinephrine)2. Glucagon (stimulated when low blood glucose), alpha cells of pancreas3. Growth hormone (break down proteins)ii. Decrease rate: insulin c. Control of gluconeogenesis (making glucose from non CHO source)i. Increase rate1. Cortisol (any time breaking things down), in adrenal cortex, increases rate of protein breakdown2. Glucagon-from alpha pancreas cellsii. Decrease rate: insulind. Control of glycolysis (breakdown of glucose)i. Increase rate: catecholamines-increase sympathetic division of ANS, (epinephrine)II. Summarya. Metabolismi. Breaking down and building up, sum of all chemical reactions in the bodyb. ATP = body’s energy currencyThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.c. Carbohydrate metabolismi. Where does glucose fit into major pathways of carbohydrate metabolism?1. Can be broken down and converted into different products d. Glycolysisi. => 2 ATP, 2 pyruvate, 2 NADH and H+ii. Occurs in cytosol iii. Anaerobiciv. What are conditions that would lead to pyruvate being converted into either lactate or acetyl-CoA1. Lactate = anaerobic (cytosol) 2. Acetyl-CoA = aerobic (mitochondrial matrix) v. Key enzymes:1. PDH – pyruvate => Acetyl-CoAa. Lives in mitochondrial matrix2. Hexokinase – starts process3. LDH – pyruvate => lactate4. PFK – rate regulator e. Krebs cyclei. Starting molecule: Acetyl-CoA (PDH converts pyruvate to Acetyl-CoA)ii. Products: for 1 Acetyl-CoA: 1 ATP, 2CO2, 3NADH, 3H+, 1FADH2 f. ETSi. Occurs along inner membraneii. Products: 32-34 ATP, 6O2, 6H2Og. If you need energy fast – glycolysis (fast but low yield)h. ETS = highest yield but slowest ratei. Glycogenesis, Glycogenolysis, gluconeogenesisi. Liver can turn glycogen back to glucose but skeletal muscle – must go back into blood streamj. Regulation of Metabolismi. Insulin, glucagon, epinephrine, growth hormone,
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