EXSS 276 1st Edition Lecture 17 Outline of Last Lecture I. BrainII. Brain Stem (relay center)III. CerebellumIV. DiencephalonV. CerebrumVI. Basal GangliaVII. Cerebral Cortex AreasOutline of Current LectureI. Integration of Sensory and Motor InfoII. Summary of Integration CentersIII. Conscious Control of MovementIV. Learning and MemoryCurrent LectureI. Integration of Sensory and Motor Infoa. Local circuit neuronsi. Input from somatic sensory receptors as well as higher brain centersii. Help coordinate rhythmic activity (walking) b. Upper motor neuronsi. Synapse w/ local circuit and lower motor neuronsii. Originate from cerebral cortex (voluntary movements) or motor centers inbrain stem (posture, balance, tone)c. Basal ganglia neuronsi. Provide input to upper motor neurons (which go to local circuit neurons which go to lower motor neurons)ii. Synapse w/ motor areas of cerebral cortex via thalamus and brain stemiii. Initiates and terminates movements, suppresses unwanted movements, tone (Parkinson’s)d. Cerebellar neuronsi. Controls activity of upper motor neuronsii. Connects w/ cerebral motor cortex via thalamus and brain stemiii. Monitors differences between intended and actual movements, then communicates w/ upper motor neurons to make adjustmentse. Corollary discharge – tells rest of the brain what’s going onThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.II. Summary of Integration Centersa. Spinal cord: simple motor reflexesb. Lower brain stem: more complex subconscious motor reactions such as postural controlc. Cerebellum: subconscious control of movement such as those needed to coordinate multiple movementsd. Thalamus: conscious distinction among sensations such as feeling hot or colde. Cerebral cortex: perceive sensory info, conscious movementsIII. Conscious Control of Movementa. Areas of brain involvedi. Primary motor cortex (cerebrum): plans and initiates voluntary muscle movementii. Basal ganglia (cerebrum): sustained and repetitive movements, initiation and termination of movementsiii. Cerebellum: intentions vs. actual movements, posture and balance, corrections, fast and complex movementb. Memorized motor patterns stored in brain (engrams)c. Motor areas in the right hemisphere control muscles in left hemispherei. Decussation occurs in medulla (90% crosses over) IV. Learning and Memorya. Learning: ability to acquire new info or skills via instruction or experienceb. Memory: info acquired via learning is stored and retrievedi. Must produce structural and functional changesii. Plasticity of the brain (Braille)1. London taxi driversa. MRI of brains – areas expandediii. Limbic system, hippocampus, amygdala, diencephalon, primary somatosensory and primary motor areasc. Memoryi. Immediate: few secondsii. Short-term: second to minutes1. Hippocampus – mammillary bodies2. Thalamus 3. Considered more chemical than structural changesiii. Long-term: days to years1. Memory consolidationiv. Motor skill memories: basal ganglia, cerebellum, cerebral