SOCI 205 1st Edition Lecture 11 Outline of Last Lecture II. Study Guide over Video for Friday’s (Oct 3rd) LectureIII. Gender Differences: Nature vs. NurtureIV. Analyzing Gender InequalityV. Gender Inequality in Comparative Perspective: Gender Differences (Nature v. Nurture)VI. Gender Differences: NurtureOutline of Current LectureII. Form of Gender InequalityIII. Women and WorkIV. Gender DiscriminationV. Family LifeCurrent LectureII. Forms of Gender Inequality a. Women and the workplacei. In 1910, women who worked were young, single, poor, immigrants, or ethnic minorities. 1. Domestic work (working in someone else home), factories, or offices. ii. In 1978, 14% of married women with pre-school aged children worked full-time compared to 63.5% in 2007 (dramatic increases)iii. According to graph (fig 10.1), women’s labor force participation rates have dramatically increased over a couple of generations, and have begunto level off. iv. The gender income gap by level of education in 2008 (graph) – men generally can expect to earn more than women despite level of educationb. GAO 2003i. “Women’s earnings”1. Controlling for a variety of factors (career, age, years on job, etc.) women earn about 80% of men’s income (women make about 80 cents for every dollar a man makes)c. Inequalities at worki. Gender typing1. Women: lower status and payThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.ii. Figure 10.2: Women at Work of all jobs in a given occupation, the graph shows the proportion held by women for each year (percentage).1. Dramatic increase in women’s involvement in certain occupations. III. Women and Worka. Jacobs, “Detours on the Road to Equality”i. Prior to second wave of feminism (1960s):1. Women in subordinate jobs: Domestic or “nurturing” rolea. Because some jobs were more “respectable for women” and women were “more naturally talented” at these jobsb. This outlook was challengedb. Work after feminist movementi. “Female” jobs: administrative support and service occupations1. Nursing2. Childcare3. Secretaryii. “Male” jobs: Dominated by men before and after feminist movement1. Construction2. Mechanics3. Engineersiii. Jobs with similar qualifications (but different pay)1. Women are…a. 50% of bus driversb. 3& of RR conductorsc. 71% of accountantsd. 29% of securities/financial services sales reps iv. Signs of change:1. ½ of managers, law students & med students  Women2. Yet, few women at highest levela. According to the textbook: 4% of Fortune 1000 CEOs are womenv. Key Finding for Jacobs: Segregation within “integrated” professions1. In fields formerly dominated by men, women pursue lower status careersa. E.g. Women lawyers: family lawb. E.g. Women doctors: pediatrics, family med (not surgery)2. Why do women pursue lower status careers?a. Socialization, discrimination… there is no set answer.vi. Jacobs1. Upshot:a. Gendering of jobs continuesb. Expanding opportunities and segregation within integratedprofessionsc. Increasing number of women in collegei. Women recognize there are few opportunities in high paying jobs that have low level skill levels (“can’t do this because it is a male field”)ii. This can be positively or negatively perceivedIV. Gender Discriminationa. High-end restaurantsi. Entry level position, no special skill requiredii. Women were 40% less likely than men to get an interview, 50% less to getthe jobb. Orchestrai. Began to conduct blind auditions due to gender discrimination (now women 50% MORE likely to advance)c. Transgendered Workersi. When a man transformed into a woman  lost moneyii. When a woman transformed into a man  gained moneyV. Family Lifea. Gerson and Jacobsi. Compare workers in 1970 and 20001. Workers log about same number of hours2. “Two sets of Americans”:3. Percentage of Americans working…a. 1) >50 hours/week: Increasedb. 2) <50 hours/week: Increased4. Graph: increasing amount of hours being workedb. When couples have children:i. Mothers decrease the number of hours workedii. Men increase the number of hours worked (and that increases with each additional child)iii. Outcome: men earn more than women because of gendered nature of childcareiv. Related research: Mommy Penalty and (Daddy Bonus ~ sometimes)c. Where are we likely to see near pay parity between men and women?i. Entry-level service work (retail, fast food): men and women have equal