SOCI 205 1st Edition Lecture 8 Outline of Last Lecture II. Exam 1 CompletedOutline of Current Lecture II. SocializationIII. Examples GivenCurrent LectureII. Socializationa. Socialization: lifelong process through which people acquire norms and values and develop a sense of self i. Occurs throughout entire life, but the most lasting socialization occurs in one’s childhood. b. Concepts of socializationi. Sex: biological (male or female)ii. Gender: expectations associated with being a boy (or a girl) which are passed on through societyiii. Sexuality1. 10 different sexual identities (p. 554)2. Sexual orientationa. Biology and socialization (see twin studies, p. 584)b. GLBTQ (4-8% of population)c. Early Childhood Socializationi. Psychoanalytic: 1. Freud: suggests individuals have three different drives a. id, ego, and superegoi. Id-basic drives1. One cannot always get what one wantsii. Ego-self1. mid-ground between id and super-egoiii. Super-ego-societal expectations1. Socialization which parents can enforce2. Symbolic Interactionism:a. George Herbert Meadi. Infants are blank pagesThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.1. We learn from others what we should do and who we should beb. Charles Cooley: looking glass selfi. We see ourselves as a reflection of how we think others see us1. Because we have no identity outside of those interactions – we come to understandourselves precisely through interactions with others. d. Agents of Socializationi. Agents of Socialization: Group or social context within which socializationtakes place1. family, neighborhood, educational institutions (day care, schools), peers, media, new roles (e.g. work)ii. Family1. Main agent of socialization in infancy and early childhooda. Family structure, family class, family religion  all can influenceb. TopHat: Best to encourage your child to work hard and praise their hard work rather than only positive reinforcement (“You worked hard!” rather than “You’re so smart!”)2. Socialization begins at birtha. Baby girl: dainty, pretty, beautiful, cuteb. Baby boy: handsome, strong3. Neigborhood, communitya. More isolated parents  poorer jobb. Historically: non-family adults played a greater roleiii. Educational Institutions1. Educational Institutions: Formal process with defined curriculum and clear expectations about behaviora. Gracey i. Suggests that purpose of Kindergarten is to socialize kids to the behavior that will be acceptable in school – Obedienceii. Noted that kindergarten was organized by space, time, and where obedience was rewarded most by the teacherb. Socialization at Day-carei. At 13-14 months: no difference among boys and girls (assertiveness, interactions, etc.)ii. 11 months later: clear gender differentiated behavior (boys much more assertive than girls)1. attributed to socialization at day-care, not inherent (assertive boys would be acknowledged; whereas, assertive girls would be scolded or not acknowledged)III. Examples Given/Readinga. Geniei. Locked in her room at 1 ½ year until she was 13 y/o. Father beat her until he decided she was retarded (which she was not) and needed to be locked away. She was entirely unsocialized – did not receive any contact outside of being fed. She and her mother escaped the father’s household and she was put in rehabilitation. Even after rehab, Genie did not progress beyond a 3 or 4 y/o. b. Reading (Ch 15- Hartmann) – Masculinity and sportsi. What is the conventional wisdom regarding why men love sports?1. Men are naturally aggressive and competitive.ii. What is the sociological argument?1. Sports provide a place where men can preform their masculinity.iii. Why do sports seem to be more important to men today (than in the past)?1. Women are becoming more active in society, so sports provide a place where men can dominate.iv. What is the evidence that sports is not “naturally” or “inherently” masculine?1. There are more and more women becoming involved and successful in sports. Also, in other places there is no relationship between masculinity and