SOCI 205 1nd EditionExam # 3 Study Guide Lectures: 20-27Lecture 20What is the functionalist approach to race? Functionalists believe that race exists because it legitimatizes inequality. It was thought that the strict functional view was that ascribed characteristics were linked to skill and talent; however, few functionalists held/hold these views. What is the conflict approach to race? Conflict approach says that each race has the corresponding outcomes due to differential access to wealth, power, and status. What are the concepts of the social construction of race?Racial formation says that ideology determines one’s race. Under racial formation is hypo-descent/one-drop rule, which states that if a white person has one drop of African blood in them, they are black. Racialization is defined as the extension of racial meaning to previously unclassified relationship, practice, or group. Ex: Early settlers would identify as Christian rather than “white”.Or that Africans are heathens; therefore, enslaving them is okay. How does race vary by time and place?In Brazil, if you have any white features, you are never considered black: they are much less strict on race. Whereas, in England, anyone that is not white is considered black. What were the Irish Foundlings? 40 Irish Catholic Orphans Adopted: 16 are abducted by Anglo vigilantes, 3 turned over toAnglos, and 21 return to NYC with Catholic nuns. Nuns sue to reclaim kids and this is how the court responds and neither the legality of vigilantes or Mexicans were addressed. Court contradiction: Mexicans are unfit to raise children, but the US census is that Mexicans are categorized as whiteLecture 21How did life chances for blacks change with agency and structure?Pre-civil war: Slaveholding elite controlled political, legal, and economic system. Poor whites didn’t benefit from this system because the presence of slaves meant the poor could not demand higher wages. Industrial expansion: lower class whites competed with blacks, but at the same time lower class whites gained power and demanded higher segregation which led to the Jim Crow Laws  South tries to avoid competition with blacks on job opportunity and North continues segregation. Industrialization in North occurs, and blacks leave South to go to North. Tensions occur. Resolved through the creation of urban ghettos. Unemployment for blacks is so high due to the shift in job structure which led to change in jobs available and skills needed. Middle class blacks had an expanding service sector with opportunity while poor (inner city) blacks had few opportunities. Lecture 22How is segregation measured?Index of Dissimilarity: ranges from 0 (perfect integration) to 100 (total segregation)How and why is segregation changing?Since 1970, segregation rates have been declining. Cities in South were much quicker to integrate than cities in North. Small, integrated communities “graduated” into metropolitan cities. What are the origins of the ghetto?Ghetto was created due to the racial covenants which were an agreement binding new owners to only sell to a white person. And redlining, which was where banks did not give loans to certain neighborhoods – particularly mixed or minority neighborhoods. As well as block busting by real estate agents. Why is segregation a continuing thing?Preference plays a big role in the continuation of segregation – people generally want to live with their own race. Income and education, however, do not explain segregation rates.Ineffective policies such as JFK’s federal decision and the fair housing act continue segregation. And “steering” which is driven by real estate agents, where banks give few loans in black areas.Lecture 23What is the functionalist perspective of immigration? Immigrants have net gain to their receiving country because they have nothing invested in the country. They have high rates of entrepreneurship, are part of the low wage sector, and contribute to social security (but do not receive benefits) and other taxes. Sam Huntington says that recent immigrants fail to assimilate culturally and socially, but Telles disagrees.What is the conflict perspective of immigration?During economic expansion, immigrants are welcome; however, during economic contraction, immigrants are not welcome. What were the two major waves of immigration?From 1880-1924, immigrants were primarily from Europe and until around 1965, immigrants were from Latin America and Asia. About 14% were foreign born (21% workers) in 1900, and then 11% (14% workers) in 2000. The immigrant community has grown to be much larger over time. How did new immigrants assimilate?They became educated and gained employment opportunities, unionized, and participated in intermarriage. But CONTEXT MATTERS: assimilation in mid-20th century is very different for recent immigrants. What were the major periods of Mexican immigration?Mexican Revolution, Depression (1930s), WWII and the Bracero Program (1940s-1964), Chain or Seasonal (1964 to present). Lecture 24What was the socio-economic source of “new-nativism”?Taxes and new legislation (Alabama, Arizona, Georgia: required to show ID, immigration paper check, increased surveillance, built a fence/wall)What are the key concepts of deviance?There is a difference between deviance and crime. Sanctions include the positive (rewards) or negative (punishments) enforcement of norms. What did Emile Durkeim have to say about deviance as a functionalist?Durkheim suggests that tighter-knit communities have lower suicide rates because they had to go through tough times and create a tighter bond to each other. This concept is why functionalists view deviance as a positive thing. Lecture 25What was the deviance at Salem?Group of girls start having fits and accusing people in the community of being witches. 22 dead as a result of accusations. This was explained by community strain (most agreed upon). Deviance is considered the maintenance of social cohesion (functionalist view). Deviance reflects political and economic power (conflict view). Lecture 26What is the labeling theory (symbolic interactionism)?Study conducted on pseudopatients who said they were mentally ill: they were treated as if they were even when they were not showing the signs of being mentally ill. The staff could not see past the label. White criminals received more call backs than blacks with no criminal record. Lecture 27What are the concepts of work and