SOCI 205 1nd Edition Lecture 12Outline of Last Lecture II. Forms of Gender InequalityIII. Women and WorkIV. Gender DiscriminationV. Family LifeOutline of Current LectureII. Marriage and FamilyIII. Research by Arlie Hoschild (Second Shift)IV. Involved Fathers: Scholarly ViewpointV. Reading DiscussionCurrent LectureII. Marriage and Familya. Marriage and Family in the US linked to the economy (graph)i. Two-parent farm families experience stark decline as industrialization takes placeii. No parent present stay about the same throughout the yearb. Marriage and Family by race1. Married spouse present (white majority)2. Never married (black majority)3. Divorced/widowed, etc (about even, but black takes majority)III. Research by Arlie Hoschild (Second Shift)a. How couples cope with changing gender ideologies?b. Second Shif: house work and childcarec. Time Studies (1960s and 1970s)i. Working mothers work about one month more than husbands (housework)  women take on the “second shift”ii. Marriage reduces housework for meniii. But housework is 2X more for womeniv. (2004) women: 9 hours more than man per week on Second Shiftd. Studies to determine how couples cope with the business of their lifestylei. Interviewed 50 couples1. Had extensive time with 10 of these couplesii. Assumption: individuals prefer to reduce overall amount of houseworkThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.1. Results: over 50% of women tried to change distribution of work in home 2. Results: most men resisted sharing housework equallye. Findings on what men thought they wanted to do and what they actually wantedto do (housework)i. Traditional families (male breadwinner, female in charge of house)1. 22% shared housework2. 44% moderate amount of housework3. 33% little amount of houseworkii. Transitional families (want something b/w egalitarian and traditional)1. 3% shared2. 10% moderate3. 87% littleiii. Egalitarian families1. 70% shared2. 30% moderatef. Discussion Question: Why did men in traditional families share more than men intransitional families?*i. Men in traditional families want a family just like they had (dad as provider, mom takes care of home), but they recognize that they cant do that now because they need their wife to work outside the home. So, they try to compensate by taking on a role in the house as well. They feel badly that their wives have to work, so they try to decrease the amount of housework they have to do. g. Gender Strategiesi. Supermom1. Do everything: Work full-time and take care of the house and kidsa. Causes exhaustion and strain on familyb. Result: they end up cutting back: time with kids, work, personal timec. Not sustainableh. Family Mythi. Allows both members to live comfortably with division of laborii. Divide jobs by gender1. Women take inflexible tasks (feeding kids, laundry, etc.)2. Men take flexible tasks (mowing lawn, edging, etc.)iii. Men: “Help out”1. Considered as shared work, but isn’tiv. Family myth assumes women are better at housework and “mothering”v. Some act out social roles but results in everyone being unhappyi. Egalitarian Meni. Men partaking in second shift was a major factor in happiness of marriageii. When men do housework, women are less likely to consider divorceIV. Involved Fathers: Scholarly Viewpointa. Involved fathersi. active fathers: more likely to do houseworkii. Reduces strain on relationships wifeiii. Men who participate in second shift: happier marriages, better health, longer livesV. Reading Discussiona. Edin and Kefalasi. How did having a child change the mothers’ lives?1. Became more responsible; children helped turn their life aroundii. So, why not marry? Are poor unwed mothers anti-marriage?1. No they are not anti-marriage. They will marry – at some point – though may not with father of childiii. Why not marry before giving birth?1. Lack of marriageable men; women value children but have higher standards for men2. Stigma of divorce worse than stigma of having a child out of wedlockb. Pamela Stone i. Why do mothers with successful careers “opt out”? Is it because they want to be traditional stay at home mom?1. Common sense: yesii. What is the “ideology of intensive mothering;” what role does it play in opting out?1. Encourages mothers to focus on their kids and come up with organized lives for these children (play dates, sports, etc.)iii. What role do husbands – including “egalitarian” husbands play – in the mother’s decision to “opt out”?iv. What is the “choice gap” the author describes in the first part of the