SOCI 205 1nd Edition Lecture 3 Outline of Last Lecture II. Modern Theoretical ApproachesIII. Is Sociology a Science?IV. Understanding Cause and Effect V. Research MethodsVI. TopHat QuestionsOutline of Current Lecture I. Research Methods Cont.a. Ethnographyb. Surveysc. experimentsCurrent LectureI. Research Methods Cont.a. Ethnographyi. Defined as participant observation, interviewsii. Generates rich, deep dataiii. Criticism: typically not generalizableiv. Examples1. First hand experience that can also be incorporated into studyb. Surveysi. Questionnaires via face to face, internet, etc.ii. Generate a lot of data from large numbers of people1. Very efficient due to the large number of respondents, diverse group of peopleiii. Appropriate for statistical analysisThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.iv. Random sampling of the population to generate a sample, thus improving ability to generalizev. Criticisms1. Can be “thin” or superficial2. Examplea. Mackin and Walther on Sport and Social Mobility3. Question for discussion: why is number of days physically active last week (0-5) problematic as a measure of sport participation? Review this questiona. Definition of physically active is too vagueb. Timing the question was proposed4. May lack honestyvi. Experiments and Surveys (Schuman on Surveys)1. What is a sample? What is probability sampling?a. Why did Gallup do a better job than Literary Digest of predicting the outcome of the president election of ’36?i. Different audiences being surveyed, not a diverse enough group2. How does form and wording of a survey affect the results?a. Certain words have certain connotations that influence how a person answersb. Structure also may affect (open or closed ended)3. What are some solutions to “the wording problem”?a. Presenting the same questions at different times and compare them over the years – this keeps the data stable and can continue to measure change and viewi. Principle of form resistant correlations – if question wording remains constant, differences over time are not affected by the wordingc. Experimentsi. Control conditions to establish cause and effectii. Criticism: Hard to replicate findings from controlled settings in natural settings1. Lovaglia readinga. From the Lovaglia reading, how are surveys different from experiments?i. Survey: trying to describe a population, get a reading on themii. Experiment: testing a theoryiii. Experiments: 1. The Robbers Cavea. Obj: how to overcome group conflictb. Design: 2 groups, adolescent white malesc. Conclusionsi. Competition leads to within-group solidarity but inter-group hostilityii. Inter-group cooperation possible when confronted with problem that affects all2. Stanford Prison Experimenta. Objective: Is abuse result of Individual characteristics or social forces?b. Design: 2 groups – prisoners & guards random assignmentc. Conclusionsi. One’s role (e.g. prison guard) is more important than individual characteristics3. Domestic Violence in Minneapolisa. Before 1981: Discretionb. 1981: New Policy – randomization of solutionc. Objective: Which intervention works best?i. Counseling or imprisonment?d. Design: Randomly assign intervention; monitor outcomes for 6 monthse. Conclusions i. 1. Arrest had a deterrent effectf. Follow-up Studyi. Employed Abusers: intervention deterred abuse (more to lose versus unemployed)ii. Unemployed abusers: arrest led to more