SOCI 205 1st Edition Lecture 13 Outline of Last Lecture II. Marriage and FamilyIII. Research by Arlie Hoschild (Second Shift)IV. Involved Fathers: Scholarly ViewpointV. Reading DiscussionOutline of Current LectureII. Big Event ProjectIII. CultureCurrent LectureII. Big Event Projecta. You will not be required to volunteer.b. You will interview two individuals regarding their past or future participation. III. Culturea. Vocabi. Culture: shared meanings, practices and symbols ii. Values: what is desirable, shaped by environmentiii. Norms: rules of conduct, backed by sanctions (change over time)iv. Material Goods: physical object (that society creates and it influences how people live)v. Clan: extended family with designated chief, and tie to regionb. Tartans and Kiltsi. Scottish Kilt1. Invented in about 1730 by an English industrialist 2. Practical necessity for workers3. Before mid 1850s, there were no clan tartans4. Trevor-Roper (functionalism)a. Why is the tradition so widely accepted?i. Practical military uniformii. Romanticized to create a new sense of community in Scotlandiii. Tartans adopted because residents needed a form of recognitionThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.iv. Lancaster Wool Merchants1. Realized that they could sell more wool if they convinced everyone to wear their kilt and tartanb. Why so important? i. According to Trevor 1. Helped to create a Scottish identity and ClanID that linked highlands and lowlandsc. What were the effects of kilts and tartans?i. Strengthened Legitimacy of Clan Chiefs1. Paradoxical – happened at a time when the clan system was breaking apartii. Tartan: helped maintain clan identity during times of great change (emigration)d. Who benefitted?i. Clan Headsii. Lancaster Wool manufactures5. Eric Hobsbawna. Looked at traditions more deeply and found these main purposes:i. Create a sense of communityii. Legitimacy for new institutionsiii. Socialize people to new beliefs/behaviorsc. Invention of Traditionsi. Kissing1. Children are fascinated by eskimos rubbing noses instead of kissing2. Kissing invented in 2000 BC and began as a nose kiss or sniffing3. Was not considered immediately acceptable (chinese rejected it – reminded them of cannibalism)IV. Approaches to Studying Culturea. Functionalists: cultural patterns socialize individuals, reinforcing normsi. Harris and sacred cows in India1. Common sense: cow worship is integral to Hinduism2. Found that cow worship is relatively recent (Hinduism does not prohibit slaughter of cows)3. Harris wants to know why Hinduism adopts this tradition:a. Cow: crucial to agriculture system4. Wants to find other benefits of cow meat tabooa. Restricts meat consumption by higher castes; more animal protein available to poorb. Allows lower castes to retrieve skin for leather  make moneyc. **taboo prevents population from eating animal necessaryfor agricultureb. Conflict: cultural patterns reflect and reinforce existing social (power) relations (Anderson)i. Code of the Street1. Inner city: “decent” v. “street” peoplea. Decent people: have mainstream American values and are in the majorityb. Street people: subculture2. Both look tough to avoid being botheredii. Why does “The Code” prevail?1. The code affects “decent” (majority inner-city families) and “street” families2. Kids learn “the social meaning of fighting”a. Toughness is a virtue; fight to gain respectb. Key Point: if you can’t count of the police, all must look tough to prevent attacksc. Inner-city Communities have oppositional subculture where what matters most is the respect you get from your