1nd Edition BIOL 3454 Lecture 12 I Class Anthozoa a flower animals polypswiht a flowerlike appearance b 3 classes i Hexacorallia or zoantharia anemones hard corals ii Ceriantipatharia tube anemones and thorny corals iii Octocorallia soft and horny corals c Gastrovascular cavity large partitioned by septa d Mesoglea is a mesenchyme containing ameboid cells e Order Antinaria sea anemones i generally large polyps cylindrical in form ii Crown of tentalces around oral disc iii Mouth is slit shaped leads to pharynx iv Siphonoglyphs are slits leading into pharynx to create water flow v Pharynx leads to gastrovascular cavity with 6 chambers mesenteries vi Carnivorous f Anemone anatomy g Anemone lives i Slowly glide along looking for prey ii Overwhelm prey with nematocysts and pull it into the mouth iii Anemones form mutualistic relationships 1 Zooxanthellae 2 Hermit crabs 3 Fish iv maroon clown fish mean and grow large Sexes separate These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor s lecture GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes not as a substitute II III 1 Monoecious species pratandrous sperm first then eggs 2 Asexual reproduction usually by pedal laceration Hexacorallian corals order Scleractinia a True corals anemones that live in self made cups b Gastrovascular cavity hexamerous c No siphonoglyph d Calcareous skeleton secreted below living tissue exoskeleton e Living tissue covering the hard skeleton i Gastrovascular cavities of each polyp connected f Cup coral anatomy g Octocorallian corals Order Alyconaria i Strict octomerous symmetry 1 8 pinnate tentacles 2 8 unpaired continuous septa ii All colonial 1 Communicate via gastrodermal tubes called solenia that run through a mesoglea called coenenchyme iii Often known as the most beautiful or the corals Coral Reefs a Structure mostly made from hermatypic reef building corals and coralline algae i Usually scleractinian corals b Reefs are only in the tropics or near tropics c Zooxanthellae do i Photosynthesize ii Fix carbon iii Recycle phosphorous and nitrogen iv Enhance ability of coral to deposit calcium carbonate d Types of reefs i Fringing reefs close to a landmass with either no logoon or a narrow lagoon betweem reef and shore ii Barrier reef parallel to shore and has a wider and deeper lagoon than a fringing reef iii Atolls reefs that circle lagoons but not islands iv Patch reefs patches of reef away from a main reef usually off the initial slope e Reef Terminology i Reef front the side facing the slope ii Reef crest the highest point of the reef where it may touch the surface or where the reef begins to descend down the slope iii Reef flat where the slope flattens out iv Where does the sane come from IV V VI VII where does the white sand come from parrot fish poop turns into beautiful white sand Phylum Ctenophora a From greek kteis or ktenos comb and phora plural for bearing b Sea walnuts or comb jellies c All marine all seas but prefer it warm d Most free swimming a few creep a few sessile i Ciliated comb plates push them forward e Surface a few go deep Pleurobranchia anatomy a No head but an oral aboral axis b Transparent with a gelatinous layer c Tentacles that capture plankton i Epidermal glue cells called colloblasts ii Food ladan tentacles wiped across mouth d Gelationous layer called collenchyme e Digestion both extracellular and intracellular f Two anal canals g Similar NS to Cnidarians no central control h Sensory organ called a statocyst Ctenophore reproduction and taxonomy a Most monoecious b Gonads line gastrovascular canals under comb plates c Fertilized eggs discharged into water d One recognized order cydippida that is paraphyletic i Unresolved phylogenetic relationships e Ctenophores often bioluminescent Cnidarian ctenophore phylogeny a Radially symmetrical planula like ancestor b Maybe diploblastic c Radiate Coelenterate Chapter 14 I Ribbon worms II Body plan a Everything before was diploblastic 2 tissue layers b Everything forward is triploblastic 3 tissue layers c Most are bilaterally symmetrical d 2 divisions i Protostomia blastopore forms mouth ii Deuterostomia blastopore forms anus e Acoelomate pseudocoelomate or coelomate III IV V phylym Acoelomorpha a small flat worms not flat worms b most live in marine sediments a few pelagic Acoelomophha Characteristics a Rootlets of epidermal cilia form interconnecting network b Most free living some commensal some parasitic c Bilateral symmetry body flattened dorsoventrally aneroid concentration of nerve cells d Epidermis cellular e Gut absent or incomplete and saclike f Mesodermal muscle cells longitudinal circular diagonal g Radially arranged nerve cords h Asexual reproduction by fragmentation i Monoecious sexual reproduction via internal fertilization j No excretory or respiratory system incomplete gut can only eat tiny things 3 mesodermal muscle cells radially arranged nerve cords Phylum Platyhelminthes a Real flatworms b Greek platys flat and hemins worm c Free living or parasitic d Form function i Turbellarians 1 Cellular ciliated epidermis 2 Rhabdites rod shaped fill with water for protection 3 Dual gland adhesive organs glands for adhesion and glands for unsticking ii Parasitic flatworms 1 Syncytial tegument as a covering 2 Many nuclei in a single cell membrane 3 Resistant to the immune system of the host iii Both groups have multiple types of muscle fibers under epidermis e Nutrition digestion i Mouth pharynx and intestine ii Digestion is extracellular and intracellular iii Most parasitic forms have no digestive system 1 Rely on host to break down food 2 Many have blind ended intestine 3 live in intestine eat already broken down no work and no feces to discreet f osmoregulation excretion i protonephridia the simple waste excretion osmoregulation organ ii protonephridia have a unique cell flame cell that is shaped like a cup with a tuft of flagella iii flagella draw fluid through the weir which acts as a collecting net for particles g nervous sensory systems i some have longitudinal nerve cords ii nerves organized into distinct types 1 sensory 2 motor 3 association iii ocelli photosensitive eyespots iv well developed tactile chemoreception v some have statocysts for equilibrium rheorecptors for sensing water currents vi much more developed senses than Cnidarians h reproduction i asexual great regenerators 1 fission 2 fragmentation ii sexual 1 most monoecius but cross fertilizing 2 most have free swimming larvae iii many