BIOL 3454 1nd Edition Lecture 12I. Class Anthozoaa. flower animals polypswiht a flowerlike appearanceb. 3 classes i. Hexacorallia or zoantharia – anemones hard corals ii. Ceriantipatharia – tube anemones and thorny corals iii. Octocorallia – soft and horny corals c. Gastrovascular - cavity large partitioned by septa d. Mesoglea – is a mesenchyme containing ameboid cells e. Order Antinaria - sea anemonesi. generally large polyps, cylindrical in form ii. Crown of tentalces around oral disciii. Mouth is slit shaped leads to pharynxiv. Siphonoglyphs are slits leading into pharynx to create water flow v. Pharynx leads to gastrovascular cavity with 6 chambers (mesenteries)vi. Carnivorousf. Anemone anatomyg. Anemone livesi. Slowly glide along, looking for prey ii. Overwhelm prey with nematocysts and pull it into the mouth iii. Anemones form mutualistic relationships 1. Zooxanthellae2. Hermit crabs 3. Fishiv. maroon clown fish mean and grow large Sexes separateThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.1. Monoecious species pratandrous (sperm first then eggs)2. Asexual reproduction usually by pedal laceration II. Hexacorallian corals – order Scleractiniaa. True corals anemones that live in self made cups b. Gastrovascular cavity hexamerous c. No siphonoglyph d. Calcareous skeleton secreted below living tissue (exoskeleton)e. Living tissue covering the hard skeleton i. Gastrovascular cavities of each polyp connectedf. Cup coral anatomy g. Octocorallian corals – Order Alyconaria i. Strict octomerous symmetry 1. 8 pinnate tentacles2. 8 unpaired continuous septa ii. All colonial 1. Communicate via gastrodermal tubes called solenia that run through a mesoglea called coenenchymeiii. Often known as the most beautiful or the corals **III. Coral Reefs a. Structure mostly made from hermatypic (reef building) corals and coralline algaei. Usually scleractinian coralsb. Reefs are only in the tropics or near tropics c. Zooxanthellae do?i. Photosynthesize ii. Fix carbon iii. Recycle phosphorous and nitrogen iv. Enhance ability of coral to deposit calcium carbonated. Types of reefsi. Fringing reefs – close to a landmass with either no logoon or a narrow lagoon betweem reef and shoreii. Barrier reef – parallel to shore and has a wider and deeper lagoon than a fringing reef iii. Atolls – reefs that circle lagoons but not islands iv. Patch reefs – patches of reef away from a main reef, usually off the initial slopee. Reef Terminologyi. Reef front – the side facing the slopeii. Reef crest – the highest point of the reef where it may touch the surface or where the reef begins to descend down the slope iii. Reef flat – where the slope flattens out iv. Where does the sane come from - where does the white sand come from? parrot fish poop turns into beautiful white sandIV. Phylum Ctenophora a. From greek kteis or ktenos (comb) and phora (plural for bearing)b. Sea walnuts or comb jelliesc. All marine all seas but prefer it warm d. Most free swimming a few creep a few sessile i. Ciliated comb plates push them forwarde. Surface a few go deep V. Pleurobranchia anatomy a. No head but an oral/aboral axis b. Transparent with a gelatinous layer c. Tentacles that capture planktoni. Epidermal glue cells called colloblastsii. Food ladan tentacles wiped across mouth d. Gelationous layer called collenchyme e. Digestion both extracellular and intracellular f. Two anal canals g. Similar NS to Cnidarians – no central control h. Sensory organ called a statocystVI. Ctenophore reproduction and taxonomy a. Most monoecious b. Gonads line gastrovascular canals under comb plates c. Fertilized eggs discharged into water d. One recognized order (cydippida) that is paraphyletici. Unresolved phylogenetic relationshipse. Ctenophores often bioluminescentVII. Cnidarian & ctenophore phylogenya. Radially symmetrical planula like ancestor?b. Maybe diploblasticc. Radiate? Coelenterate?Chapter 14I. Ribbon wormsII. Body plan a. Everything before was diploblastic (2 tissue layers)b. Everything forward is triploblastic (3 tissue layers)c. Most are bilaterally symmetrical d. 2 divisions i. Protostomia (blastopore forms mouth)ii. Deuterostomia (blastopore forms anus)e. Acoelomate, pseudocoelomate or coelomateIII. phylym Acoelomorphaa. small, flat worms (not flat worms)b. most live in marine sediments a few pelagicIV. Acoelomophha Characteristicsa. Rootlets of epidermal cilia form interconnecting network b. Most free living some commensal some parasiticc. Bilateral symmetry body flattened dorsoventrally aneroid concentration of nerve cells d. Epidermis cellular e. Gut absent or incomplete and saclike f. Mesodermal muscle cells (longitudinal, circular, diagonal)g. Radially arranged nerve cordsh. Asexual reproduction by fragmentation i. Monoecious sexual reproduction via internal fertilization j. No excretory or respiratory system - incomplete gut - can only eat tiny things- 3 mesodermal muscle cells- radially arranged nerve cordsV. Phylum Platyhelminthesa. Real flatworms b. Greek platys (flat) and hemins (worm)c. Free living or parasitic d. Form & function i. Turbellarians 1. Cellular ciliated epidermis 2. Rhabdites – rod shaped fill with water for protection 3. Dual gland adhesive organs – glands for adhesion and glands for unstickingii. Parasitic flatworms1. Syncytial tegument as a covering 2. Many nuclei in a single cell membrane 3. Resistant to the immune system of the host iii. Both groups have multiple types of muscle fibers under epidermis e. Nutrition & digestion i. Mouth pharynx and intestineii. Digestion is extracellular and intracellular iii. Most parasitic forms have no digestive system 1. Rely on host to break down food 2. Many have blind ended intestine 3. live in intestine - eat already broken down no work and no feces to discreetf. osmoregulation & excretion i. protonephridia – the simple waste excretion & osmoregulation organ ii. protonephridia have a unique cell, flame cell, that is shaped like a cup with a tuft of flagella iii. flagella draw fluid through the weir, which acts as a collecting net for particlesg. nervous & sensory systemsi. some have longitudinal nerve cordsii. nerves organized into distinct types 1. sensory 2. motor3. associationiii. ocelli – photosensitive eyespots iv. well-developed tactile & chemoreception v. some have statocysts for equilibrium &