BIOL 3454 1nd Edition Exam 1 Study Guide Lectures 1 9 Lecture 1 August 22 Syllabus review Lecture 2 August 25 I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X Zoology Exam 1 Material Branch of Biology that studies Animals a Animals Zoo b Domain Eukarya c Kingdom animal Reproduction asexual sexual a Intrautene cannibalism sand tiger shark i Tropical temperate regions ii Not dangerous to humans iii Mothers produce several 40 70 eggs they eat each other until only 1 is left on each side b DNA RNA Metabolism a Very complex in animals b Catabolic breaking down c Organisms acquire energy nutrients from the environment then process them Development a Bacteria is immortal lives until something kills it b All organisms have a life cycle often several life cycles c Animals senesce age getting older with the exception of bacteria Environmental Interaction a Ecology study of organismal interactions between their abiotic biotic environments b Niche physical temporal space an organism can exist in Irritability organisms response ability to respond to stimuli Organisms parts show complex somewhat predictable movements Characteristics of Science a Guided by natural laws b Explainable by natural laws c Testable d Conclusions are tentative pending new evidence e Falsifiable Scientific Method a Observation b Question c Hypothesis d Test or experiment e Conclusion f Publication dissemination of results XI XII XIII XIV Peppered Moth Example Industrial Melanism a Industrial revolution coal burned b Deposited soot in the surrounding areas c Darkened trees buildings ect d 2 pollutions i Coil dust 1st ii Carcinogenic in product 2nd e Biston Betularia Exhibits a range of colors from white to black f Before industrial revolution most trees were light as trees got darker moths did too g The green stuff that grows on trees is lichen Proximate vs Ultimate a Causality how does it happen proximate aspects i Why does it happen ultimate aspects b Example avoidance or inbreeding depression through MHC locus recognition i Dalmatians blind aggressive ii Bulldogs mostly artificial insemination b c of inbreeding has taken away those genes Humans evolve out of 20 to 60 people likely to be somehow related limited mating partners enabling inbreeding Proximate a MHC locus b Humans manifests as smell c Translates to brain as similarity MHC locus relativeness d Someone that smells good to you has a very different immune system is not at all related to you Lecture 3 August 27 I II III IV V VI Evolution Darwin Wallace Theory a Perpetual change b Common decent c Multiplication of species d Gradualism e Natural selection 1930 s modern synthesis Fusion of genetics with evolutionary theory Lamark inheritance of acquired characteristics 1809 Principles of biology a Sir Charles Lyell b Uniformitarianism VII VIII IX X XI XII XIII XIV XV XVI XVII XVIII XIX Chagas Disease a It was believed Darwin had this disease b Extreme fatigue c Attracted by bug bite What was Darwin missing a Took him a long time to publish b Social hymenopterans eusociality don t pass on genes in reproduction c Wallace writes Darwin with the same theory d Together they write and publish Origin of Species published in 1859 In 1930 s modern biology starts Discipline of genetics a Allows quantifications of relatedness among individuals Theory of natural selection a Variation among individuals b Some of the variation is heritable c More offspring produced than can survive d Different survival reproduction based on variation e More successful variants proliferate Life has a common origin a All life has a common origin b One or very few common ancestors asexual reproduction autotrophic Phylogenetic tree a Shows relatedness divergence b Relative c Can include time distance Speciation 2 main modes in animals a Allopatric most common b Non allopatric sympatric parasympatric chromosomal Vicariance based allopatric speciation populations isolated diverge become different species Madagascar is an example a Off the coast of Africa b Example of vicariance isolation c 90 of all plants and animals are endemic found nowhere else Isolation of Populations a Courtship incompatibility premating prezygotic b Gamete incompatibility postmating prezygotic c Reduced offspring fitness postmating postzygotic Sympatric speciation niche based a Very rare in animals b Common in plants c Rhagoletis flies Sympatric speciation chromosome based Lecture 4 August 29 I Gould Theory a Phenotypic gradualism i Punctuated equilibrium II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI b Morphological change i Most phenotypic changes are gradual ii Esp on a geologic scale change will appear quickly iii Long period of stasis few to no intermediates Orthogenesis a Proposed mechanism of evolution which states that variation in traits molded by selection have momenium keep evolving directionally b Adjusted so much that it would be too hard or nearly impossible to go back c Example horse hooves cannot go back to toes or animals that walk on two legs cannot go back to all 4 s Mass extinctions large number of species whole groups of taxa completely disappear from the fossil record at the same time Odrdoviccian Silurian 45mya 65 late devonian 370mya 70 of species permian 250 mya 95 of species triassic jurassic 200 mya 70 of species cretaceous or KT 65mya 75 of species possible causes a volcanism b flood basalt levents c asteroid impacts effects a sea level changes b dust clouds disrupt photosynthesis food chains c toxic gas releases taxonomy a science of naming categorizing b example urus arctos harribilis c urus bear d arctos bear e harribilis horrible Lecture 5 September 3 I II Taxonomy Phylogeny dinosaurs are still alive a birds are dinosaurs b archaeopteryx has feathers and teeth c example of a transitional of a transitional species taxonomy a naming and characterizing biological diversity b Linnaean System carolus Linnaeus 1707 1778 c Systema Naturae III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI d Standardized taxa i Domain ii Kingdom iii Phylum iv Class v Order vi Family vii Genus viii Species name is genus specific epithet ix Example homo sapiens Species concepts a All dogs are from the same species b Eastern vs Western Lark are different species Morphological concept is incorrect a Individuals that look alike are the same species is not correct Type specimen a Holotype individual to which all other individual organisms are compared to when making species specific status b Edward Cope designated himself as type species for humans c The fossil wars cope marsh