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UT Arlington BIOL 3454 - Exam 1 Study Guide
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BIOL 3454 1nd EditionExam # 1 Study Guide Lectures: 1 - 9Lecture 1 (August 22)Syllabus reviewLecture 2 (August 25) I. Zoology Exam #1 Material:II. Branch of Biology that studies Animals a. Animals = Zoob. Domain – Eukarya c. Kingdom – animalIII. Reproduction (asexual/sexual)a. Intrautene cannibalism - sand tiger shark i. Tropical & temperate regions ii. Not dangerous to humansiii. Mothers produce several (40-70) eggs & they eat each other until only 1 is left on each sideb. DNA/RNA IV. Metabolism a. Very complex in animals b. Catabolic (breaking down)c. Organisms acquire energy & nutrients from the environment & then process themV. Development a. Bacteria is immortal; lives until something kills it b. All organisms have a life cycle; often several life cycles c. Animals senesce (age/getting older); with the exception of bacteriaVI. Environmental Interactiona. Ecology – study of organismal interactions between their abiotic & biotic environmentsb. Niche – physical & temporal space an organism can exist in VII. Irritability – organisms response & ability to respond to stimuliVIII. Organisms & parts show complex & somewhat predictable movements IX. Characteristics of Science:a. Guided by natural laws b. Explainable by natural laws c. Testable d. Conclusions are tentative pending new evidencee. FalsifiableX. Scientific Method:a. Observationb. Questionc. Hypothesis d. Test or experimente. Conclusionf. Publication/dissemination of resultsXI. Peppered Moth Example – Industrial Melanism a. Industrial revolution – coal burned b. Deposited soot in the surrounding areasc. Darkened trees buildings ectd. 2 pollutionsi. Coil dust 1stii. Carcinogenic in product 2nd e. Biston Betularia Exhibits a range of colors from white to blackf. Before industrial revolution most trees were light as trees got darker moths did too g. The green stuff that grows on trees is lichen XII. Proximate vs. Ultimate:a. Causality – how does it happen (proximate aspects)i. Why does it happen (ultimate aspects)b. Example – avoidance or inbreeding depression through MHC locus recognition i. Dalmatians - blind & aggressiveii. Bulldogs – mostly artificial insemination b/c of inbreeding has taken away those genesXIII. Humans evolve – out of 20 to 60 people likely to be somehow related – limited mating partners & enabling inbreeding XIV. Proximate a. MHC locus b. Humans manifests as smellc. Translates to brain as similarity MHC locus = relativenessd. Someone that smells good to you has a very different immune system & is not at all related to you Lecture 3 (August 27) I. Evolution:II. Darwin/Wallace Theorya. Perpetual change b. Common decent c. Multiplication of speciesd. Gradualism e. Natural selection III. 1930’s modern synthesis IV. Fusion of genetics with evolutionary theoryV. Lamark – inheritance of acquired characteristics – 1809VI. Principles of biology a. Sir Charles Lyell b. UniformitarianismVII. Chagas Disease a. It was believed Darwin had this diseaseb. Extreme fatiguec. Attracted by bug biteVIII. What was Darwin missing?a. Took him a long time to publish b. Social hymenopterans (eusociality) don’t pass on genes in reproduction c. Wallace writes Darwin with the same theory d. Together they write and publish “Origin of Species” published in 1859IX. In 1930’s modern biology startsX. Discipline of genetics - a. Allows quantifications of relatedness among individualsXI. Theory of natural selection – a. Variation among individuals b. Some of the variation is heritable c. More offspring produced than can survived. Different survival & reproduction based on variation e. More successful variants proliferate XII. Life has a common origina. All life has a common origin b. One or very few common ancestors – asexual reproduction, autotrophicXIII. Phylogenetic tree a. Shows relatedness & divergenceb. Relative c. Can include time & distanceXIV. Speciation – 2 main modes in animals a. Allopatric – most commonb. Non-allopatric – sympatric, parasympatric, chromosomalXV. Vicariance based allopatric speciation – populations isolated, diverge, become different speciesXVI. Madagascar is an examplea. Off the coast of Africa b. Example of vicariance & isolation c. 90% of all plants and animals are endemic (found nowhere else)XVII. Isolation of Populations a. Courtship incompatibility – premating & prezygotic b. Gamete incompatibility – postmating & prezygoticc. Reduced offspring fitness – postmating & postzygotic XVIII. Sympatric speciation – niche based a. Very rare in animals b. Common in plants c. Rhagoletis fliesXIX. Sympatric speciation – chromosome based Lecture 4 (August 29)I. Gould Theory a. Phenotypic gradualism i. Punctuated equilibriumb. Morphological change i. Most phenotypic changes are gradual ii. Esp on a geologic scale change will appear quicklyiii. Long period of stasis & few to no intermediates II. Orthogenesis a. Proposed mechanism of evolution which states that variation in traits molded by selection have momenium & keep evolving directionally b. Adjusted so much that it would be too hard or nearly impossible to go backc. Example: horse hooves cannot go back to toes or animals that walk on two legs cannot go back to all 4’sIII. Mass extinctions: large number of species & whole groups of taxa completely disappear from thefossil record at the same time IV. Odrdoviccian/Silurian (~45mya ~65%)V. late devonian (~370mya ~70% of species)VI. permian (~250 mya ~95% of species)VII. triassic/jurassic (~200 mya ~70% of species)VIII. cretaceous or KT (~65mya ~75% of species)IX. possible causes a. volcanismb. flood basalt leventsc. asteroid impacts X. effects a. sea level changesb. dust clouds (disrupt photosynthesis & food chains)c. toxic gas releasesXI. taxonomy a. science of naming & categorizing b. example urus arctos harribilis c. urus = beard. arctos = beare. harribilis = horrible Lecture 5 (September 3)Taxonomy & Phylogeny:I. dinosaurs are still alive a. birds are dinosaursb. archaeopteryx has feathers and teeth c. example of a transitional of a transitional speciesII. taxonomy a. naming and characterizing biological diversity b. Linnaean System (carolus Linnaeus 1707 -1778)c. Systema Naturaed. Standardized taxai. Domainii. Kingdomiii. Phylumiv. Classv. Ordervi. Familyvii. Genusviii. Species (name is genus + specific epithet)ix. Example: homo sapiensIII. Species concepts a. All dogs are from the same species b. Eastern vs Western Lark are


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UT Arlington BIOL 3454 - Exam 1 Study Guide

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