BIOL 3454 1nd Edition Lecture 29Lecture 12/3I. Actinopterygii a. Bony ray finned fishesb. Monophyletic c. ~30,000 species d. Named for their lepidotrichia or fin rays e. Less than 1cm to 10m in sizef. 2 major groups i. Chondrostei – primitive, paraphyletic or polyphyletic ii. Neopterygii – contains the modern fish or teleosts which are monophyletic II. chondrosteia. taxonomy very fluid contains about 50 species b. sturgeon paddlefish bichirs and othersc. most lack typical scales d. share many characteristics with sharks e. skeleton made of cartilage f. similar jaw structure g. some minor bone development in a few h. Bichris i. Reedfishii. African iii. ~12 species iv. Sister group to all other ray finned fishes i. Paddlefishi. Native to TX (protected except for OK)ii. Filter feedersiii. Use paddle for electroreception j. Sturgeon i. ~25 species ii. Holarctic distribution iii. Up to 5m long iv. Majority of species very endangered k. Neopterygii - Holosteii. Contains the gar and bowfin ii. Paraphyletic iii. Share characteristics with chondrichthyans, Chondrostei and teleostsiv. Many in TX – all new world l. Gar i. ~7 species in 2 gnera ii. Ganoid scales that interlock These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.iii. Very predatory iv. Alligator gar are a sportfish III. Noepterygii - Holosteia. All other fish b. ~26,000 species c. From the Triassic d. Some have extensive parental caree. Extremely diverse life history strategies f. Some viviparous and have only one offspring at a time IV. Sarcopterygii – classical taxonomya. Lobe finned fishes b. ~8 species in 2 groups c. Acrtinisita – coelocanths, 2 species d. Dipnoi – lung fish, 6 species, can breathe air and cocoon e. Gondwanan distribution, extinct species inhabited Pangea and Laurasia f. Cladistics sense all tetrapods are sarcoptergyians – humans included V. Amphibians a. Ectothermic,tetrapods b. 7000 species c. Everywhere but strictly marine habitats d. Require at least moist habitats for reproduction e. Smallest vertebrate just a 1cm long frog giant salamanders almost 2m in lengthf. First fossils in Devonian g. Fish that crawed out of the waterh. Order Anura - Frogs i. Amphinians ii. ~6200 species iii. Salutatory locomotion iv. Up to almost 1m in lengthv. Glandular porous skin vi. Usually a biphasic life cycle although considerable variation in reproductive mode vii. ~ 35% of species endangered (habitat destruction and infectious diseases)i. Oder Gymnophiona – Caecilians i. Smallest group of amphibians ii. ~200 species iii. Up to 1.5m in length legless and often with annuli iv. Poor vision v. Strong skull for fossorial lifestyle vi. Some have extensive parental carej. Odrder Caudata – Salamanders i. Modern salamanders very similar to the first terrestrial tetrapod ii. ~600 species iii. N. America is the cnt of diversity for salamanders iv. Large amounts of variation in life history traits (larval vs direct development, metamorphosis vs neoteny, lungs or no lungs)v. Can estivate for yrs if neededVI. Reptiles a. Amniotes – amniotic egg evolved, reproduction not tied to waterb. Found in all habitats c. Fossil history 350 mya in Carboniferous d. Dry scaly skin may be modified into feather e. Some extremely intelligent (birds smart problem solvers)f. Largest terrestrial bulk feeding predators were reptiles g. Anapsida - Turtlesi. Uncertain phylogenetic position ii. ~400 species in most habitatsiii. Have shell – carapace (upper), plastron (lower) iv. Lay calcified hard shelled eggsv. Many species very endangered – food markets, pet trade, habitat destruction h. Lepidosauromorpha i. Plesiosaurs, placodonts, lizards, snakes, tuatarasii. Primitive sprawling gate allows for the same sinusoidal movement seen in fish iii. Pleurodont dentition iv. All extothermic i. Archosauromorpha i. Ruling reptiles – crocodilians, dinosaurs including birdsii. Extensive parental careiii. Long fossil history from the late Permian VII. Mammalia a. ~6,000 species b. All habitats except the truly deep seac. Very diverse (whales, shrews, platypus)d. Prototheria – monotremes, echidna and platypus e. Theria (marsupialia, placentalia)f. Know from 100mya in the Jurassic g. Many synapomorphies – named for the production of milk by the mammary