BIOL 3454 1nd Edition Exam 2 Study Guide Lectures 11 15 Lecture 11 September 17 I II III IV V VI Chapter 8 Principles of development a Hans Spemann and Hidle Mangold i Tissue induction using salamander embryos ii Dorsal lip from salamander gastrula implant it on a host salamander then will get a new salamander Developmental biology a Single cell becomes a multicellular organism b Developmental biology fell behind fusion of genetics evolution functional molecular biology has closed the gap of understanding Historical ideas a Preformation the entire organism was in a miniaturized version w in a sperm or egg b Epigenesis origin upon or after an egg contains building material activated by sperm c Hierarchy of developmental decisions cellular and diversity arises sequentially d A cell which has committed to a fate it is determined by one of two processes i Specification ii Induction usually irreversible Oocyte maturation a Morphogenetic derminants transcription and inducing factors direct activation and repress genes at the correct times b At times fertilization occurs before the oocyte has undergone meiosis c Prophase I GVBD metaphase I metaphase II pronucleus Fertilization a Male female gametes unite to form zygote combo restores diploid chromosomal status b Timing of fertilization is highly veriable among organisms with regard to oocyte maturity c Sperm not always required for egg activation d Contact between egg and sperm i Species specific recognition proteins ii Prevent fertilization by another species iii Postmating prezygotic isolating mechanism iv Esp useful for gametes in water e Contact and prevention of polyspermy i n n 2n n n n Xn not good f Fast block electrical potential charge change in the egg membrane g Slow block cortical rxn thousands of enzyme capsules release their contents between the egg membrane and vitellene envelope h Creates an osmotic water rushes in sperm washed away Later causes the vitellene membrane to harden and physically block sperm Sea urchin fertilization a Easy to find cheap b Fertilization external easy in lab VII c Embryo transparent easy to see development d Very historic Aristotle Cleavage and early development a Blastomeres small maneuverable cells b No growth just a big mass dividing to a group of normally sized cells c Polarity established animal pole vegetal pole Lecture 12 September 19 I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX Yolk distribution a Isolecithal very little yolk evenly distributed b Mesolicithal moderate amount of yolk at vegetal pole c Telolecithal lots of yolk at vegetal pole d Centrolecithal large centrally located yolk Cleavage a Meroblastic lots of yolks cells sitting on top of undivided yolk b Holoblastic cleavage furrows extend completely though the egg Direct vs indirect development a Direct development embryo to a miniature adult b Indirect development multiple developmental stages c Either can be shortcut by matrotrophy where the mother nourishes the developing embryo Development following cleavage a Blastula cluster of cells usually hollow space is the blastocoel one layer of germ cells one tissue layer Gastrulation the formation of two germ layers a Gastrulation the conversion of the spherical blastula into a two or three layered embryo b Archenteron the internal pouch formed in gastrulation c Blastopore the opening to the archenteron Developmental layers a Three primary germ cell layers triploblastic i Ectoderm most exterior becomes integument nervous system ii Endoderm most of the GI tract most of the internal organs iii Mesoderm most connective tissues fluids and muscles Development of Ectoderm a Nervous system b Thickens to form neural plate above notochord to form neural plate c Nerve cells grow develop by cues external to the cell like a road map Development of endoderm a Digestive system b Alimentary canal emerges from te primitive gut c Lungs liver pancreas all emerge from the gut d Gill arches their derivative jaw ears emerge from endoderm Development of mesoderm a Forms muscles b Repeated segments of somites c Muscular organs like heart Lecture 13 September 22 Chapter 9 I II III IV V VI VII Animal architecture Hermit crabs steal find own shell Grades of organisms complexity a Protoplasmic unicellular organisms protoplasm divided into organelles b Cellular division of labor among aggregated cells that are functionally different c Cell tissue aggregations of similar cells into patterns or layers specialized for a common function d Tissue organ tissues combined with other types of tissue to form a structure with a more complex function than a single tissue e Organ system organs working together for a common higher function across the spatial and temporal dimensions of the organism Phylogenetic constraint a Where you start has a great effect on where you finish b Animal body plans are phylogenetically constrained i Binolcular vision b c primate ancestors swung through trees needed depth perception c Major examples in animals i Symmetry ii Number of germ layers iii Number of body cavities d Symmetry i Spherical c ut any way will always be mirror imagines ii Radial 2 similar halves longitudinal axis iii Front is different than back iv Biradial e Its good to be radial if environment meets needs on all sides f Optimize shape to move bilateral Coelems a Coel any hollow or open space b Aceoelmate c Pseudoceolomate d Coelomate Extracellular component Epithelial tissues a Covers outside of body b Tight junctions c Basal side attached d Simple 1 layer e Cuboidal cubed shaped f Columnar g Pseudo stratified ciliated columnar mucus membranes VIII h Simple squamous diffusion i Stratified squamous durable j Transifional stretching Connective tissue a 6 types of connective tissue i Loose connective tissue ii Cartilage iii fibrous connective iv Adipose v Blood vi Bone b 3 types of connective tissue fiber i Catagenous fibers ii Elastic fibers c 2 major cell types found in connective tissue i Fiberblasts ii Macrophages d Older you get the less cartilage wears down chondrocytes chonderoitin sulfate cushion between disk joints e Adipose few cells when get big add fat to a cell don t increase of decrease of cells f Muscle tissue i Actin myosin contraction ii Skeletal muscle voluntary movement iii Smooth muscle involuntary movement iv Cardiac muscle heart contractions g Nervous tissue i Stimulation sense transmits signals ii Neurons nerve cells iii Glial cells nourish insulate replenish h Complexity body size i Length increases volume