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UT Arlington BIOL 3454 - hexapods continued
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BIOL 3454 1st Edition Lecture 25Lecture 11/14I. Circulation II. Tubular heart creates peristaltic waves that moves hemolymph through the only circulatory vessel the dorsal aortaIII. Gas exchangeIV. Goal in a terrestrial animal – an efficient respiratory system that maximizes O2 and CO2 exchange while minimizing water lossV. Insects use a tracheal system – opening s are small holes called spiracles VI. Tracheae are composed of a single layer of cells lined with a cuticle that is shed during molts VII. Expansion and compression occur with movements of jaws and/or limbs VIII. In aquatic species tracheae have similar function but more gas exchange occurs across cuticle IX. Excretion and water balanceX. Insects and spiders independently evolved Malpighians tubules XI. Waste product usually uric acid XII. Leaf feeding insects ingest and excrete large amounts of fluid XIII. Aphids form honeydew – sometimes ranched by antsXIV. Nervous system and sensory organs XV. NS resembles that of a large crustacean lots of ganglia fusion XVI. Have excellent sensory perception XVII. Mechanoreception – detected by seta and sensilla distributed across the body XVIII. Auditory – very sensitive sensilla with tiny hairs of tympanal structures some on legs to detect vibrations some moths can hear the ultrasonic sonar of bats to avoid it XIX. Chemoreceptors – bundles of sensory cells in pits (how masquitos can sense increases in CO2 XX. Other senses – some can sense temp, humidity, gravity, and have proprioception (muscle stretch and body position) XXI. Insect vision XXII. 2 types XXIII. Simple – most larvae, many adults, usually measure light intensity and direction no images XXIV. Compound – thousands of ommatidia, can often see much more than we can although probably is less resolved (more fuzzy) the eye itself can usually process more info than we can for flight XXV. Many can see UVXXVI. Reproduction XXVII. Parthenogenesis common but sexual reproduction the norm XXVIII. Separate sexes XXIX. Fertilization usually internal XXX. Spermatophores ancestral some groups still use them XXXI. Many insects stroe sperm and mate only once in their lifetime (rouches) XXXII. Most lay many eggsXXXIII. Growth and metamorphosisThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.XXXIV. Ametabolous – no life stages babies are miniature adults mature gradually XXXV. Hemimetabolous – gradual or incomplete metamorphosis XXXVI. Holometabolous – almost 90% of all insects have a true larval stage then pupa adult emerges. Larvae and adults are very different XXXVII. Defense XXXVIII. Exhibit both cryptic (camouglage) amd aposematic (warming) colors depending on species, life stage, food supply etcXXXIX. Often exhibit mimicry XL. Exoskeleton very protective XLI. Some have chemical poisons or venoms XLII. Some aggressiveXLIII. communicationXLIV. chemical, visual, auditory and tactile signals XLV. pheromones – secreted by one individual and influence the behavior or physiology of another XLVI. sound often used to attract matesXLVII. lots of tactile and visual communication XLVIII. EusocialityXLIX. One colony working towards the common goal of survival and reproduction L. Exhibit polymorphism or caste differentiation LI. Honeybees may have thousands of individuals in a single colonyLII. 1 queen, several hundred drones and many workers LIII. haplodiploidyLIV. Works on the principal of shared relatednessLV. Beneficial insects LVI. Bees pollinate 14 billion dollars worth of food crops every year in the USLVII. Many species are predatory on other insects pests LVIII. Scavengers and decomposers help clean the world LIX. Harmful insectsLX. Cause trillion of dollars in economic impact on a global scale every yrLXI. Agricultural pests – every agricultural crop LXII. Disease – mosquitos (malaria, yellow fever, west nile, lymphatic filariasis and many more) – fleas (plague) – flies (typhoid, sleeping sickness)LXIII. Native plant distraction (deforestration) gypsy moth, hemlock woody adelgid, spruces budworms, various beetles LXIV. Property damage – bedbugs, cockroaches and


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UT Arlington BIOL 3454 - hexapods continued

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