BIOL 3454 1nd Edition Lecture 4 Current Lecture I II III IV V VI Taxonomy Phylogeny dinosaurs are still alive a birds are dinosaurs b archaeopteryx has feathers and teeth c example of a transitional of a transitional species taxonomy a naming and characterizing biological diversity b Linnaean System carolus Linnaeus 1707 1778 c Systema Naturae d Standardized taxa i Domain ii Kingdom iii Phylum iv Class v Order vi Family vii Genus viii Species name is genus specific epithet ix Example homo sapiens Species concepts a All dogs are from the same species b Eastern vs Western Lark are different species Morphological concept is incorrect a Individuals that look alike are the same species is not correct Type specimen a Holotype individual to which all other individual organisms are compared to when making species specific status b Edward Cope designated himself as type species for humans c The fossil wars cope marsh Biological species concept BSC a Llineage Concept b A species is a reproductive community of populations reproductively isolated from other that occupies a specific niche in nature c Highly controversial but doesn t always work d Ring species Ensatina Salamanders in CA e Eschscholtzii Croceater reproductively isolation These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor s lecture GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes not as a substitute VII VIII IX X XI XII XIII XIV XV XVI XVII XVIII XIX XX f Asexual organisms BSC doesn t apply g Underestimating Diversity consistent interbreeding leads to hybrids in specific zones Ecological Species Concept ESC a Species is a single lineage of ancestor descendant populations that maintains its identity from other such lineages that has its own evolutionary tendencies and historical fate Phylogenetic Species Concept PSC a A species is an irreducible basal grouping of organisms diagnosable distinct from other such grouping with a parental pattern of ancestry and descent b Doesn t account for hybridization or reticulation in phylogenetic trees c Testable d May fail to predict diversity Concepts a Differ in criteria for diagnosis species b Attempt to impose rules and order to a seemingly disorderly process where we lack perfect knowledge Phylogeny a Family b Evolutionary tree Homology a Character similarity due to shared ancestry Convergent evolution a Characteristic due to similarly evolutionary pressures not common ancestry b Bat wings vs bird wings c Homopalsy Taxon plural for taxa a Any named group Character a Any characteristic of an organism b Denoted by character states c Character colored eyes d Character states blue green or brown Ancestral character a Character state possessed by the common ancestor of the group in question Derived character a Character state changed from the ancestral state b Bipedalism Out group a Taxon used to root a tree and gives characters polarity Monophyletic group a Clade or a group containing the common ancestor and all of the descendants b Reptiles including birds Paraphyletic group a A group containing the common ancestor and some of the descendants b Reptiles in the classic sense Polyphyletic group a A group containing taxa with different common ancestors b Winged things birds bats flying insects XXI XXII XXIII XXIV XXV Pleisiomorphic character a An ancestral character for the group that is being questioned Apomorphic character a Derived character for the group in question b Usually synapomorphy or shared derived character Cladistics a Willi Hennig developed b Monophyly taxonomy based on recognition of Clades Cladorgram phylogenetic tree Cladistics a Names all the nodes on the tree b Names include all taxa including descended from common ancestor c Uses above terms d Depends on perspective