BIOL 3454 1nd Edition Lecture 4Current Lecture Taxonomy & Phylogeny:I. dinosaurs are still alive a. birds are dinosaursb. archaeopteryx has feathers and teeth c. example of a transitional of a transitional speciesII. taxonomy a. naming and characterizing biological diversity b. Linnaean System (carolus Linnaeus 1707 -1778)c. Systema Naturae d. Standardized taxai. Domainii. Kingdomiii. Phylumiv. Classv. Ordervi. Familyvii. Genusviii. Species (name is genus + specific epithet)ix. Example: homo sapiensIII. Species concepts a. All dogs are from the same species b. Eastern vs Western Lark are different speciesIV. Morphological concept is incorrecta. Individuals that look alike are the same species is not correct V. Type specimen a. Holotype – individual to which all other individual organisms are compared to when making species specific statusb. Edward Cope – designated himself as type species for humansc. The fossil wars – cope & marshVI. Biological species concept (BSC) a. Llineage Concept b. “A species is a reproductive community of populations (reproductively isolated from other) that occupies a specific niche in nature”c. Highly controversial – but doesn’t always work d. Ring species – Ensatina Salamanders in CA e. Eschscholtzii & Croceater reproductively isolation These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.f. Asexual organisms – BSC doesn’t applyg. Underestimating Diversity - consistent interbreeding leads to hybrids in specific zonesVII. Ecological Species Concept (ESC)a. Species is a single lineage of ancestor-descendant populations that maintains its identity from other such lineages that has its own evolutionary tendencies and historical fateVIII. Phylogenetic Species Concept (PSC)a. A species is an irreducible (basal) grouping of organisms diagnosable distinct from other such grouping with a parental pattern of ancestry and descentb. Doesn’t account for hybridization or reticulation in phylogenetic treesc. Testable d. May fail to predict diversity IX. Conceptsa. Differ in criteria for diagnosis species b. Attempt to impose rules and order to a seemingly disorderly process where we lack perfect knowledgeX. Phylogeny a. Familyb. Evolutionary treeXI. Homologya. Character similarity due to shared ancestry XII. Convergent evolutiona. Characteristic due to similarly evolutionary pressures not common ancestryb. Bat wings vs bird wingsc. HomopalsyXIII. Taxon plural for taxaa. Any named groupXIV. Charactera. Any characteristic of an organismb. Denoted by character statesc. Character – colored eyesd. Character states – blue, green or brownXV. Ancestral charactera. Character state possessed by the common ancestor of the group in question XVI. Derived character a. Character state changed from the ancestral stateb. BipedalismXVII. Out groupa. Taxon used to root a tree and gives characters polarity XVIII. Monophyletic groupa. Clade or a group containing the common ancestor and all of the descendantsb. Reptiles including birdsXIX. Paraphyletic groupa. A group containing the common ancestor and some of the descendants b. Reptiles in the classic senseXX. Polyphyletic groupa. A group containing taxa with different common ancestors b. Winged things – birds bats flying insectsXXI. Pleisiomorphic character a. An ancestral character for the group that is being questionedXXII. Apomorphic charactera. Derived character for the group in questionb. Usually – synapomorphy or shared derived characterXXIII. Cladisticsa. Willi Hennig developed b. Monophyly & taxonomy based on recognition of CladesXXIV. Cladorgram – phylogenetic treeXXV. Cladisticsa. Names all the nodes on the treeb. Names include all taxa including descended from common ancestor c. Uses above terms d. Depends on
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