ANSC 318 1st Edition Lecture 9 Outline of Last Lecture I Protein Digestion and Ways of Assessing Protein Requirements Outline of Current Lecture II Ration Formulation III Feeding Standards a Nutrient Requirements b Metabolic Body Size c Standards for Growth d Standards for Lactation e Standards for Pregnancy IV Nutrient Availability of Feeds a Factors b Factors Affecting Feed Intake in Pigs c Different Effects on Cattle Current Lecture know this Ration Formulation a balanced ration provides nutrients in the correct proportions and amounts to support physiological functions of an animal required nutrients must be in a diet that the animal can consume within 24 hours this is total feed formulation Things that must be considered when formulating a ration nutrient availability of feeds type of ration nutrient requirement of animals feed intake of animals Feed Standards The optimal concentration of a ration maximizes an animal s output while minimizing cost To the left of optimal is concentration to prevent deficiency and then the deficiency concentration where costs increase and output decreases To the right of optimal is the area where production stays the same but costs and net return lower to a certain extent the more lysine in a diet the better performance These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor s lecture GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes not as a substitute Feeding Standards amount of nutrients required by an animal made to meet requirements of a specific animal for a specific function expressed as nutrients required on a daily basis g day OR concentration used in different ways DE NE Digestible Protein Energy 1 because it has the greatest amount in feed and the largest requirement by animal Nutrient Requirements Major livestock species now have information on nutrient requirements cattle pigs etc Research trials on feeding standards are constantly being conducted Factors Affecting Nutrient Requirements I Body Weight II Stage of Maturity III Physiological Function i e growth lactation IV Level of Productivity V Use of feed additives or growth promotants VI Genetics of the animal VII Environment Maintenance Energy Requirements of total feed of Total Energy Class of Livestock Dairy Cow 500 kg 20 kg milk 35 45 Growing Steer 300 kg 1 2 kg ADG 45 55 Growing Pig 50 kg 75 kg ADG 45 55 Growing Chickens 1 kg 35 g ADG 45 55 Beef Cow 500 kg 200 kg weaned calf 65 75 Heat Production and Body Weight heat production animal increases with body weight HP unit of BW decreases as BW increases they are not linearly related function of BW Metabolized Body Size mathematical relation between BW and HP used to compare proportionality of HP to MER used to predict animal s maintenance energy requirements Species Cow Pig Sheep Fowl Rat BW 500 70 50 2 3 HP 8140 7190 1020 134 30 HP BW 16 3 25 6 20 3 67 3 100 0 HP BW0 75 77 74 56 80 4 Standards for Growth I II III IV Function of the energy retained in tissue Energy retained in tissue is a function of tissue growth Adipose tissue has more energy than lean tissue NEg retained energy Effects of frame size sex and BW on NEg Requirements in Cattle Heifer Steer Bull As body frame get smaller NEg increases As muscle mass decreases and fat increases NEg gets higher As BW increases NEg increases Standards for Lactation I Function of the amount of milk produced and the proportion of fat in the milk II NE kcal day kg of milk 0 35 0 1 of fat in milk III NE requirements are based on quantity of milk and fat of milk produced As milk and or milk fat increases NEl increases Standards for Pregnancy I Function of the stage of gestation number of fetuses and birth weight of the newborn II NEp 4 43 BW 0 0586 0 0000996 t e 0 0323t 0 0000275t t a Where BW birth weight and t day of gestation Nutrient Availability of Feeds some factors that affect nutrient digestibility are animal species nutrient composition of diet level of intake feed processing methods associative effects between feeds use of feed additives and stage of plant maturity some diets that can be formulated are total mixed ration trace mineral mix energy or protein supplements and vitamin and or mineral premixes for inclusion in total mixed ration Impacts of Feed Intake on Nutrient Density of Diet I Nutrient density dependent on animal s nutrition requirement and daily feed intake II Formulated based on an estimate of what the animals will consume III If animals consumes more than expected nutrient density can be reduced IV If animals consumes less than expected nutrient density can be increased Feed Intake Impact on Dietary CP Level Ex 440 lb large frame steer gaining 2 2 lb day Requires 1 5 lb protein day if steer consumes 12 1 lb DM feed day 2 75 BW diet should contain 12 4 CP DM if steer consumes 9 9 lb DM feed day 2 25 BW diet should contain 15 2 CP DM Factors Affecting Feed Intake in Pigs I Body weight a DE intake kcal day 13 162 1 e 0 0176 BW II Temperature a Cold increases intake b Heat decreases intake III Pelleting of rations a Starter phase 9 b Growing finishing phase 3 IV Feeding Antibiotics a Starter phase 8 b Growing phase 6 c Finishing phase 2 V Space allocation per animal crowing VI Gender of pig Barrows Gilts Boars VII Protein a If CP of ration 25 or 10 feed intake will be depressed b Breed Durocs Hamps Yorks and Landraces Factors Impacting Feed Lower Feed Intake Higher Feed Intake Intake in Pigs Body Weight Lower BW Higher BW Environment Heat TNZ Cold TNZ Ration Texture Pelleted Ration Non pelleted ration Sub therapeutic use of No antibiotics Antibiotics added antibiotics Confinement Feeding Overcrowding No crowding Gender Boars Gilts Barrows Beed Type Hamp York Landrace Duroc Dietary CP Level 25 CP or 10 CP 10 to 25 CP Different Effects on Cattle Feed Intake around a 50 50 grain forage diet maximizes feed intake as body fat increases feed intake decreases breed type can effect intake i e Holstein Holstein british cross British Implanted cattle have higher feed intake levels