ANSC 318 1st Edition Lecture 4 Outline of Last Lecture I. Structure, Classifications, Terminology, and Digestion Processes for Lipids and Protein Outline of Current Lecture II. Proteina. Review Ruminant Digestion Processb. Digestion Process in Hindgut Fermentersc. Comparative NutritionIII. Mineralsa. Overview and Concentrationsb. FunctionsIV. Vitaminsa. Overviewb. Classifications and Attributesc. Deficiency Examplesd. Comparative DigestionV. Analysis of Feedstuffsa. Importance of Feedstuffs Evaluationb. Factors Affecting the Nutrient Concentrations of FeedsCurrent LectureProtein:Ruminant Digestion of Proteins:-NPN and Protein enter the rumen-NPN is broken down into ammonia-ammonia is then converted to microbial protein (MP)-excess ammonia is absorbed across the rumen wall -Protein is split into Degraded Protein (DIP) and Undegraded Protein (UIP)-DIP is made into ammonia and then MP -UIP and MP then enter the small intestine and are converted to amino acids-AAs are a product of enzymatic digestion and are absorbed through the small intestine through active transport (which does require energy)Hindgut Fermenter Digestion of Protein:-in the small intestine enzymatic digestion converts protein to AAs-AAs absorbed through small intestine by active transport-Fermentative digestion takes place in the large intestine and cecumThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.-protein  AA  ammonia (NH4)  MP-MP is not digested or utilized, it will just be excreted in fecesComparative Nutrition: *****Nutrient/GIT Site Pig Horse CowProtein AAs are linked by peptide bonds; enzymatic and fermentative digestionSee pig See pigStomach No enzymatic digestionNo enzymatic digestionA lot of fermentative digestion to AA and NH3; conversion of NH3 to MPSmall Intestine A lot of enzymatic digestion to AA; active transport of AAfrom lumen of small intestineA lot of enzymatic digestion to AA; active transport of AAfrom lumen of small intestineA lot of enzymatic digestion of MP and UIP to AA; active transport of AA from lumen of small intestineLarge Intestine/CecumLimited fermentation – no value derivedLimited fermentation – no valueLimited fermentation – no valueTest Question:What are the key differences and similarities between how protein is digested in horse compared to cattle?Minerals:I. Minerals: any element other than C, H, O, and NII. Macrominerals: needed in diet in large amounts; dietary concentrations expressed as percent g per kg feeda. Calcium, phosphorous, sodium, chlorine, potassium, magnesium, and sulfurIII. Microminerals (Trace Minerals): needed in diet in small amounts; dietary concentrations expressed as mg per kg of feeda. Iron, copper, nickel, iodine, cobalt, etc. IV. Concentrationsa. Calcium has the highest concentration @ 15 g/kgb. Phosphorous (10g/kg), Sodium (1-2g/kg), Iron (20-50 mg/kg), Cobalt (.05-.1 mg/kg) Functions to Support Animal Requirements:-Fertility: Phosphorous, copper, zinc, selenium, and manganese-Apetite: magnesium, potassium, zinc, and cobalt-Nervous System: magnesium, phosphorous, and copper-Fetal Development: copper, zinc, selenium, and manganese-Disease Resistance: copper, zinc, and selenium-Hair Coat: copper, zinc, selenium-Skin & Hoof Health: zinc-Milk Production: calcium, phosphorous, and magnesium-Muscle Development: Phosphorous, sulfur, zinc, and selenium-Bone Development: calcium, phosphorous, magnesium, manganese, and copperVitamins:I. Organic components of feedII. Only in minutes amounts in feedIII. Essential for proper metabolic activitiesIV. When absent from diet, specific deficiency diseases occurV. Animals cannot synthesize vitaminsVI. Vitamin requirements must be met by the diet or from microbial systemsVII. Most functions are coenzymes or cofactorsClassifications:-Fat-Soluble: Vitamin A (Retinol), Vitamin D (Cholecalciferol), Vitamin E (Tocopherol), Vitamin K (Phylloquinone)-Protein-made of C, H, and O-regulation of metabolism of structural unites (i.e. protein)-Primarily found in feces-Microbial synthesis of Vitamin K only-Water-Soluble: Thiamin, Riboflavin, Niacin, Pantothenic acid, Pyridoxine, Biotin, Folic acid, B12 (Cobablamin), and Choline-energy-made of C, H, O, and N, S, or Co-regulation of the transfer of energy-primarily found in urine-all are microbial synthesizedDeficiency:-Vitamin A: -cows start going blind and have watering eyes-lambs bet “sway back” (a bone development disease) and have trouble with reproduction-Biotin:-horses get easy-to-chip, unhealthy feet-pigs look weak, have rougher hair, and don’t grow as muchComparative Nutrition:Nutrient Pig Horse CowFiber CHO Limited fermentation in large intestine (VFA)Fermentation in large intestine (VFA)Fermentation in rumen (VFA)Starch CHO Enzymatic in small intestine (glucose); some fermentation in large intestine (VFA)Enzymatic in small intestine (glucose); some fermentation in large intestine (VFA)Fermentation in rumen (VFA); some enzymatic in small intestine (glucose)Protein Enzymatic in small intestine (AA)Enzymatic in small intestine (AA) Fermentation in rumen (MP); enzymatic in small intestine (AA)Lipid Enzymatic in small intestine (LCFA)Enzymatic in small intestine (LCFA)Fermentation in rumen; some enzymatic in small intestine (LCFA)B-complex Vitamins Need to be supplied in dietNeed to be supplied in dietSupplied by rumen microbesFat-Soluble Vitamines A, D, and ENeed to be supplied in dietNeed to be supplied in dietNeed to be supplied in dietEvaluation of Feedstuffs:Purpose of Feed Evaluation:I. Provide rapid, economical and accurate methods to evaluate feed qualitya. Needs to be rapid and economical because farmers do not have crops for an extensive amount of time before selling themII. Measures of feed quality are not always definitiveIII. Measures of feed quality will very according to: animal species and physiological function of animal (growth vs lactation)Importance of Feedstuffs Evaluation:I. Diet Formulationa. Improve prediction of animal performanceb. Improve accuracy of ration formulations to meet targeted performance of animalsc. Make sure feed does not have mostly water in it, there is no point in wasting moneyII. Economics:a. Establish more accurate estimate of feed’s economic valueb. Nutrient variability of feeds: Forages  Grains  Protein mealsc. Make sure feedstuffs are not toxicIII. Commerce:a. Texas Feed & Fertilizer