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TAMU ANSC 318 - Beef Cattle Nutrition and Feeding: Breeding and Herd Management
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ANSC 318 1st Edition Lecture 17 Outline of Last Lecture I. The ensiling process, silages, and factors affecting forage quality. Outline of Current Lecture II. Beef Cattle Nutrition and Feedinga. US Economic Value of Agricultureb. US Beef Cow Industryc. Beef Cow-Calf Operations in Texasd. Cost of Producing Beef Vs Porke. Organic Vs Conventional Beef ProductionIII. Energy Requirements for Beef Cowsa. Feed Energy Budgetsb. Factors Affecting NE Requirementsi. Maintenancec. Factors Affecting NE Maintenance Requirementi. Cold Stressii. Heat Stressiii. Breed Effectsiv. Pregnancy and LactationIV. Annual Energy Budgeta. Simmental Cowsb. Angus cowsCurrent LectureBeef Cattle Nutrition and Feeding: Breeding and Herd Nutrition ManagementBeef Cattle Nutrition and FeedingUS Economic Value of Agricultural Commodities•2003  $212 billion •2008  $324 billion •2010  $314 billion Top 5 Agricultural CommoditiesCommodity 2003 2008 2010Cattle and Calves 21.3% 14.9% 16.4%Dairy Products 10.0% 10.7% 10.0%Corn 8.7% 15.9% 14.2%Soybeans 7.5% 9.0% 10.6%These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.Broilers 7.2% 7.1% 7.5%US Beef Cow Inventory:•(1) Texas, (2) Oklahoma, (3) Missouri, (4) Nebraska, (5) South Dakota, (6) Montana, (7) Kansas, (8) Kentucky, (9) Tennessee, (10) Florida, (11) Iowa, (12) North Dakota•Texas has by far the most beef cattle; more than Oklahoma and Missouri combined•Beef numbers have slowly decreased in Texas due to drought -2010  33.4 million head-2014  29 million headBeef Cow-Calf Operations in TexasSize of Herd (# cows) Operations (x 1000) Percent of Producers Percent of Inventory1 to 49 104 78 3050 to 99 18 13 19100 to 499 11 8 33> 500 1 1 18•large producers are the smallest producer percentage, but have a very high inventory•it is hard to get farmers to adapt and buy new technologies because there are so many small farms throughout TexasCost of Producing Beef Vs Pork•One Beef Cow-80% of cows exposed to breeding produce a calf-1200 lb market weight-62.5% carcass dressing; 50% retail lean yield-300 lbs of retail lean yield per cow per year•One Sow (Current Production)-1.8 litters/year; 8.0 pigs/litter-245 lb market weight-70% carcass dressing; 52% retail lean yield-1285 lb of retail lean yield per sow per year•One Sow (5-year Future Production)  bigger operations are currently running at this level-2.2 litters/year; 9.5 pigs/litter-245 lb market weight-70% carcass dressing/54% retail lean yield-1935 lb of retail lean yield per sow per year•How the Beef Industry Stays Competitive-there is a higher customer demand for beef-beef animals can use high fiber, low quality diets •Feed costs are a big reason for loss in net income throughout the cattle industryOrganic Vs Conventional Beef ProductionItem Organic Grass-Feed BeefNatural Grain-Fed BeefConventionally Grain-Fed BeefStarting Weight, lb 425 475 475Days on Feed 366 329 303ADG, lb per day 1.65 2.36 3.06Feed:Grain Ratio 11.0 7.1 6.2Carcass Weight, lb 623 782 876Land Required, acre per lb beef5.04 1.99 1.64CO2 Emissions, Methane per lb Beef5.4 2.7 2.2•Organic beef had the least ADG, highest feed:gain ratio, lowest carcass weights, highest days on feed, require the most land, and emit the most CO2Energy Requirements for Beef Cows•energy is needed for  maintenance, pregnancy, lactation, and growth (during 1st and 2nd pregnancies)Feed Energy Budgets:•To Produce Beef:-30% of energy  slaughter progeny-70%  for the cow herd (73% = maintenance; 20% = lactation; 7% = fetal growth)•Integrated Beef Systems:-51%  maintenance-30%  slaughter progeny-5%  fetal growth-14%  milkFactors Affecting NE Requirements:Maintenance:•Body Weight  NEm (kcal/day) = .007(BW0.75)•Physiological Status  lactating cows have 20% higher maintenance requirement thannonlactating cows-lactating cows need more calories and have a higher metabolism and liver•Activity  if grazed at low stocking rate, may have 30-40% higher NEm requirements -more ability to move around and lose energy•Environment  cold and heat stress increase NEm requirements•Breed  Dairy breeds > beef Bos Taurus breeds > beef Bos Indicus breedsFactors Affecting NEm Maintenance Requirements:Cold Stress:Conditions Lower Critical Temp. (LCT) (F)Summer hair coat 59Fall hair coat 45Winter hair coat 32Heavy winter hair coat 17•Cold stress Adjustments-NEm increases by 1% for every degree F below LCT in dry climates-increases by 2% for every degree F below LCT in wet climates•cattle respond to environment by increasing metabolism to increase body heat•TNZ  area between cold stress and heat stress where animal’s NEm •Cold Stress Zones:-Zone 1  little danger to mature animals-Zone 2  increasing danger; will freeze exposed flesh; will stress animals causing latentdiseases to appear-Zone 3  great danger, especially to younger animalsHeat Stress:• as heat increases cattle run risks of developing dehydration, heat stroke, and can deathBreed Effects:•Dairy Breeds  20% higher NEm than the base = (.20)(.077)(BW0.75)•Beef Bos Taurus Breeds  the base NEm value•Beef Bos Indicus Breeds  10% lower NEm than the base Pregnancy and Lactation:•NE for pregnancy:-stage of gestation-number of fetuses-birth weight of calf•NE for lactation:-stage of lactation-amount of milk produced (i.e. breed genetics)Annual Energy BudgetSimmental Cows:•Herd Specifications:-BW = 1320 lbs-Calf BW = 88 lbs-Weaning Age = 210 days-Peak Milk Production = 26.4 lbs-Total Annual NE required = 6106 Mcal-Total Annual Hay required = 7.6 tons @ 0.4 Mcal NE/lb hayAngus Cows:•Herd Specifications-BW = 1320 lbs-Calf BW = 88 lbs-Weaning Age = 210 days-Peak milk production = 17.6 lbs-Total annual NE required = 4959 Mcal-Total annual hay required = 6.2 tons @ 0.4 Mcal NE/lb


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TAMU ANSC 318 - Beef Cattle Nutrition and Feeding: Breeding and Herd Management

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