ANSC 318 1st EditionExam # 2 Study Guide Lectures: 11-17Lecture 11 (October 9)Feedstuffs CharacteristicsWhat are the differences in percent of forages and concentrates in ruminants vs nonruminants?Ruminants, with the exception of feedlot cattle, eat mainly forage-based diets (> 70%)while nonruminants are fed a mainly concentrate ration. This is due to the ease ofdigestibility of concentrates and nonruminant’s lack of fiber digestion.What industry uses the largest proportion of concentrate feedstuffs in the US?The hog industry uses 30% of US feedstuffs.What classes fall under the pasture and grazed forages category?Grasses (family Gramineae), legumes (family Leguminosae), forbs, and browse.How much protein do proteinaceous silages have?They contain > 10% proteinGive 2 examples of mineral supplements.Bone meal and limestoneGive 2 examples of vitamin supplements.Fish oil and wheat germWhat feed additive would you use to prevent product deterioration?Chemical preservativesDo roughages or concentrates have a high calcium and low phosphorous content?Roughages. Concentrates have a low calcium and high phosphorous content.What are some characteristics of Carbonaceous Concentrates?They have < 35% NDF, high energy content, and > 20% CP. What in corn can animals convert to Vitamin A?Β-caroteneWhat are some advantages and disadvantages to feeding corn?Advantages: no limitations with nutritionally balanced diets, only grain with β-carotene,can be fed whole (mainly ruminants)Disadvantages: susceptible to mold damage that can produce mycotoxinsWhere is most of the Sorghum in the US produced? Why?Texas. Sorghum is more drought resistant than other crops and does well in the Texasclimate.How does Sorghum nutritionally compare to corn?In swine it has 95% of the feeding value of corn and in ruminants it has 70-95% of thefeeding value of corn. Sorghum can also be the only grain in a nutritionally balanced diet.Why is wheat not primarily used for livestock?It is more expensive than corn and sorghum because of its use in human diets.What would be good about feeding wheat?It has a higher feeding value than corn and has the best protein quality of the cerealgrains.Describe the issues of feeding wheat to cattle.Wheat is usually limited to about 50% of grain fed to ruminants because its starch is morequickly fermented in the rumen and can easily cause acidosis. If wheat is fed, the pH level should be watched carefully.List the top three energy concentrates in order.1. Corn 2. Sorghum 3. BarleyTrue/False. Barley has a rather low fiber content. False. The fiber content in barley is higher than the content in corn, sorghum, or wheat.Where is barley grown? What is it used for?Typically grown in the northern states, barley is widely used in the brewing industry and also used in both nonruminant and ruminant diets.What are some advantages and disadvantages of feeding oats?Advantages  They are considered safe for horses because of their high fiber content to help prevent colic and are best suited for ruminant and horse diets.Disadvantages  most expensive, 30-35% hulls by weight, limited use in pigs, and are of alower qualityTrue/False. Grain screenings are made from all grains and cannot be fed to horses.True. Why do producers use milling by-products?They have a lower fiber content and higher energy content than whole feeds.What is the most popular high-CHO liquid feed? Why?Molasses. It has a moderate energy content and is very palatable to cattle because of its sweet taste so it is often used for mixing and dust control in diets. What are the types of by-products used in the feed industry?Milling by-products of cereal grain  gluten feed (corn, sorghum), Middlings (wheat, rye), Hominy Feed, and Grain Screenings.High- CHO liquid feeds  Molasses (sugarcane, sugarbeats), liquid milk by-productsBy-products of dry feeds Beet pulp, citrus pulp, dried bakery productRoots and tubers  roots and tubers, potatoes and carrots, cassavaFats and Oils  animal and poultry fats, vegetable oil, blended animal/vegetable fatsLecture 12 (October 14)Protein Feeds:What classifies a feed as a proteinaceous concentrate?It has lower than 35% NDF, is fair to high in energy content, and is higher than 20% crudeprotein List the oilseed protein feeds.Soybean Meal, Cottonseed Meal, peanut meal, sunflower meal, flaxseed meal, canolamealWhat is the “gold-standard of proteinaceous concentrates? Are there different types?Soybean Meal. There are 2 different types of soybean meal: (1) 44% protein SBM withmost hulls and about 7% crude fiber and (2) 50% protein SBM with 3% crude fiber.Why is soybean meal so highly valued as a feedstuff?Out of the plant-based protein feeds it has the best quality protein for nonruminants, it ismoderate to high in energy, has a good amount of phosphorous, and no other plant-base equals the nutritional value of SBM. Are there any downsides to feeding Soybean meal?Raw soybeans have protease inhibitors that bind enzymes (like trypsin) to reduce proteindigestibility in small intestine. Heat during processing will destroy protease inhibitors.How does cottonseed meal compare to soybean meal?It is cheaper on a protein basis, has 41% protein (higher inclusion of hulls), high inphosphorous, but has lower quality protein than SBM and due to the inclusion of hulls has less energy content.What is gossypol?Pigment glands that are in glanded cottonseed. It is usually “free” form and can be toxicto pigs/poultry if fed in diets. If dietary iron is included in the diet it will bind free gossypol and reduce its absorption. Ruminants are less susceptible to gossypol toxicity.What kind of diets is peanut meal best suited for?Ruminant diets because it has 46% lower quality protein which reflects its cost. Potentialfor aflatoxin contamination.Describe the nutritional value of sunflower meal.34-42% protein; moderate crude fiber; lower protein quality; moderate in calcium; high inphosphorous; grown in the north and better suited for ruminant dietsWhat is flaxseed used for? Why?To modify body composition, because it is high in omega fatty acids (highest plant sourceof alpha linoleic acid)What are some advantages and disadvantages of canola or rapeseed oil?Advantages  2nd best quality plant-based source of protein (behind SBM), moderate Ca,high P, 35-40% proteinDisadvatnages  Rapeseed can contain erucic acid and glucosinolate; canola meal is lowin glucosinolateWhat is the main difference between