ANSC 318 1st Edition Lecture 10 Outline of Last Lecture I. Ration Formulation, Feeding Standards, and Nutrient Availability of Feeds.Outline of Current Lecture II. Different Effects on Cattle Feed IntakeIII. Steps to Formulate a Dieta. Formulate a Rationb. Residual Feed IntakeIV. Comparative Nutrition ReviewCurrent LectureDifferent Effects on Cattle Feed Intake•Key factors between ruminants and pigs:-diet quality is hugely variable in ruminants (influenced by concentration of energy)-as fat increases, feed intake decreases•Energy density has a nonlinear effect on consumption-low quality forage is less digestible, lowering feed intake. -moderate quality forage has less fiber  more digestible, higher rate of passage, andincreased consumption.-As more and more grain is added into a diet, consumption starts to decrease becausethe energy density is high enough that more feed is not required •Breed type feed intake differences are so minor that they are not even accounted for in rations-exception is dairy breeds; Holsteins will always consume more than any other breed atthe same weight •Implanted vs. Nonimplanted Cattle-When cattle have an implant, feed efficiency increases by 10-18%, lowering NEg-Feed consumption also increases by 6%-with the lower NEg, the increased consumption still helps the cattle’s ADG increase •Monensin-ionophore feed additive to reduce methane production-Does not affect growth at all, but lowers feed intake making cattle more efficient•Processed Forage and Grain-processing forage decreases digestibility -processing grain increases digestibilityThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.•Effects of Temperature-when temperature rises above an animal’s thermal neutral zone (TNZ), feed intakedecreases-when temp. drops below TNZ, feed intake increases-Mild and severe mud both cause drops in feed intake as well•Effects Put Into a Table:Factors Impacting Feed Intakein CattleLower Feed Intake Increase Feed IntakeBody Weight (BW) Lower BW Higher BWEnvironment Heat (> TNZ) Cold (< TNZ)Ration Grain (energy) Level Low-grain < medium-grain < high-grainFiber Content of Forage High-fiber forage < low-fiber forageEmpty Body Fat (EBF) Increase EBF Decrease EBFBreedtype Lower % of Holstein Genetics Raise % of Holstein GeneticsAnabolic Growth Implants Non-implanted Cattle Implanted CattleIonophores (Feed Additives) Monensin No MonensinProcess Forages Non-processed Processed (pelleted)Process Grains Processed (steam-flaked) Non-processedSteps to Formulate a DietI. Determine Nutrient RequirementII. Derive a list of available feedstuffsIII. Mix and match feeds to meet the nutrient demandsIV. Check for palatability, mixing, handling constraintsV. Check economics (i.e. least cost)VI. Check intake of animalMethods of Formulating a Ration:Linear Programming Algorithms:-mathematical technique to find the optimal allocation of resources to meet a specificobjective functionLeast-Cost Ration Formulation:-uses a linear programming algorithm to find the least cost Commercial Software Programs:-Agri-Data, Dalex, etc.Residual Feed Intake:-measures variations in feed intake to support maintenance and growth-difference between actual feed intake and expected feed intake based on size andgrowth rate-negative RFI means animal eats less than expected-positive RFI means animal eats more than expected-doesn’t account for breed differences in intake (except Holstein)Comparative Animal Nutrition ReviewFiber CHONutrient/GIT site Pig Horse CowFiber CHO Monosaccharides (5- and 6- Carbon sugar molecules) with β-glycosidic bonds and digests them using fermentation onlyStomach No digestion No digestion A lot of fermentation by microbes in rumen; turn to VFAs; absorb passively through rumen wallSmall Intestine No digestion No digestion No digestionLarge Intestine/CecumLimited Fermentation of sugar to VFAs; absorbed through passive diffusionA lot of fermentation of sugar to VFA; passive diffusion for absorptionLimited fermentation of sugar to VFAs; absorbed through passive diffusionStarch CHONutrient/GIT site Pig Horse CowStarch CHO Monosaccharides (5- and 6- Carbon sugar molecules) with α-glycosidic bonds; enzymatic and fermentative digestionStomach No enzymatic digestionNo enzymatic digestionA lot of fermentation of sugar to VFA; absorbed through passive diffusionSmall Intestine A lot of enzymatic digestion of sugar; absorbed through lumen wall by active transportA lot of enzymatic digestion of sugar; absorbed through lumen wall by active transportLimited enzymatic digestion of sugar; active transport through lumen wallLarge Intestine/CecumLimited fermentation to VFA; passive diffusionLimited fermentation to VFA; passive diffusionLimited fermentation to VFA; passive diffusionLipidsNutrient/GIT site Pig Horse CowLipid LCFAs linked by ester bonds to glycerol; enzymatic and fermentative digestionStomach No digestion No digestion A lot of Fermentation of LCFA and glycerol; glycerol to VFA; biohydrogenation of unsaturated LCFA to saturated LCFASmall Intestine A lot of enzymatic digestion of LCFA and glycerol; absorption from lumen of SIA lot of enzymatic digestion of LCFA and glycerol; absorption from lumen of SILimited enzymatic digestion of LCFA and glycerol; absorption from lumen of SILarge Intestine/CecumLimited fermentation Limited fermentation Limited fermentationProteinNutrient/GIT site Pig Horse CowProtein Amino acids (AA) linked by peptide bonds; enzymatic and fermentative digestionStomach No digestion No digestion A lot of fermentation of DIP to NH3 and NH3to microbial protein (MP)Small Intestine A lot of enzymatic digestion of dietary protein to AA; active transport of AA from lumen of SIA lot of enzymatic digestion of dietary protein to AA; active transport of AA from lumen of SIA lot of enzymatic digestion of UIP and MP to AA; active transport from lumen of SILarge Intestine/CecumLimited fermentation – no value derivedLimited fermentation – no value derivedLimited fermentation – no value