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TAMU ANSC 318 - Feedstuff Characteristics
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ANSC 318 1st Edition Lecture 11 Outline of Last Lecture I. Effects on cattle feed intake and residual feed intake. Outline of Current Lecture II. Use of Feedstuffs by Livestock and PoultryIII. Feedstuff Classificationsa. Dry Forages and Roughagesb. Pasture and Grazed Foragesc. Silagesd. Mineral and Vitamin Supplementse. Feed AdditivesIV. Energy Feeds – Carbonaceous Concentratesa. Corn Grainb. Sorghumc. Wheatd. Barleye. Oatsf. Milling By-products of Cereal Grainsg. High-carbohydrate Liquid Feedsh. By-product Dry Feedsi. Roots and Tubersj. Fats and OilsCurrent LectureUse of Feedstuffs by Livestock and Poultry in the USType of Animal Concentrate % in Diet Forage % in DietSmall Ruminants (sheep/goat) 9 91All Beef Cattle 17 83Feedlot Cattle (100-200 days) 72 28Grazing Cattle (cows/stockers) 4 96Horses 28 72Dairy Cattle 39 61Hogs 90 10Poultry 95 5These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.Feedstuff Classifications:Dry Forages and Roughages:Includes cut and dried forages and roughages:-35% NDF (DM Basis)-low energy content-a lot of fiberCarbonaceous Roughages (<10% CP)-straws, stalks, mature grassesProteinaceous Roughages (>10% CP)-legumes, immature grassesPasture and Grazed Forages:Includes cut and dried forages and roughages:•Grasses: members of family Gramineae•Legumes: members of family Leguminosae•Forbs: primarily broadleaf, nonwoody plants•Browse: woody plants consumed in some degree by ruminants (especially sheep,goats, and deer)Silages:Includes ensiled forages:•Carbonaceous silages (<10% CP)  corn and grass silage•Proteinaceous silages (>10% CP)  alfalfa and clover silage•go through fermentation for 2-3 weeks before fed to animalsMineral and Vitamin Supplements:Mineral Supplements:•Bone meal•Calcium carbonate•LimestoneVitamin Supplements:•Fish Oil•Wheat germ•Vitamin A acetate•Vitamin D3 acetateFeed Additives:•ionophoresAnitibiotics: bacitracin, chlortetracycline, monensinBuffers: sodium bicarbonate, magnesium oxideAntioxidants: compounds preventing oxidative rancidity of fatsChemical Preservatives: compounds preventing deteriorationPellet Binding Agents: bentonite, lignin sulfonateProbiotics: lactobacillus, aspergillusGeneral Characteristics of Forages:Item Roughages ConcentratesFiber Content**** High (>35% NDF) Low (<35% NDF)Energy Content Low HighCalcium Content **** High LowPhosphorous Content **** Low HighProtein Content: CarbonaceousProteinaceousLow (<10%)High (>10%)Low (<20%)High (>20%)Variation in Nutrient Content – RelativeHigh LowEnergy Feeds – Carbonaceous Concentrates•General Characteristics:-<35% NDF-High in energy content-<20% CP•Class Includes: cereal grains, sorghum, milling by-products of cereal grains, miscellaneous feedsCorn Grain:•no limitations on its use in nutritionally balanced diets•only grain that contains β-carotene which can be converted to Vitamin A•can be fed whole to cattle due to large size•generally processed before feeding (especially nonruminants and horses)•Susceptible to mold damage that produce mycotoxins•#1 in energy concentration ******Sorghum (Milo):•very abundant in Texas (40% of US production)•drought tolerant•can be only grain in nutritionally balanced diet•must be processed •in hogs  produce same growth rate as corn with 5% less feed (95% value)•in ruminants  70-95% of value of cornWheat:•not widely used in diets because of high cost•primarily for human consumption•higher feed value than corn (best protein quality cereal grain)•can be only grain source in hogs if coarsely ground or rolled•in ruminants usually about 50% of grain in diet•the starch in wheat is more fermentable in the rumen than corn and milo **•more likely to cause acidosisBarley:•3rd most important feed grain in the US•grown more in the north•used in the brewing industry and nonruminants and ruminant dietsOats:•30-35% hulls by weight•”safe” grain for horses due to high fiber content (avoid colic)**•better for ruminant and horse diets**•most expensive•lower quality than othersMilling By-products of Cereal Grains:Gluten feed (corn, sorghum)-after removal of germ and starch-20-25% CP; moderate energy (< original)Middlings (wheat, rye)-bran, shorts, germs, flour, and tailings-9-10% crude fiber; moderate energyHominy Feed (corn only)-bran, germs, and flour-high energy (slightly < corn grain)Grain Screenings (all grains)-dust, chaff weed seeds, broken kernels-not in horses-moderate energy (<original)Miscellaneous (all grain)-groats  seed without hulls (oats and rice)-barley malt sprouts•fiber increases in whole feeds•horse feeds should never have grain screenings *****High-carbohydrate Liquid Feeds:Molasses (sugarcane, sugar beets)-most popular-by-product of sugar production-liquid, thick black solution-moderate energy (high in sugar); low protein-often included in diets for better mixing and dust controlLiquid Milk By-products:-by-products of cheese production  liquid and condensed wheyMiscellaneous high-carbohydrate liquid feeds-condensed molasses solubles, condensed citrus solubles, and condensed soybeansolublesBy-Product Dry Feeds:Beet Pulp:-by-product of sugar production from sugar beets-wet and dry-moderate energy; low proteinCitrus Pulp-by-product of juice production-high energy; low proteinDried bakery product-unused bakery products and other human food-high energy-moderate protein-variable nutritional valueRoots and Tubers:Roots and Tubers-by-product of foods produced from human foods-high energy; low proteinPotatoes and Carrots-by-products-rawCassava-tropical plant-high energy; low proteinFats and Oils:Animal and Poultry Fat-processing and rendering plants-tallow, lard, mixed fats, grease-high energy; no fiber or proteinVegetable Oils-corn, cottonseed, soybean, sunflower, safflower, etc.-high energy; no fiber or proteinBlended animal/vegetable fats-high energy; no fiber or proteinOther High-Fat Feeds-whole oilseeds (cottonseed, soybeans, etc.)-Bypass fat (ruminants only)•added directly to animal


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TAMU ANSC 318 - Feedstuff Characteristics

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