ANSC 318 1st Edition Lecture 12 Outline of Last Lecture I. Feedstuff Characteristics, Classifications, and Carbonaceous Concentrates.Outline of Current Lecture II. Protein Feeds – Proteinaceous Concentratesa. Soybean Meal b. Cottonseed Mealc. Peanut Meald. Sunflower Meal e. Flaxseed Mealf. Canola or Rapeseed MealIII. Cereal-Grain By-product Feedsa. Millfeed Protein Sourcesb. Distillery and Brewery Protein SourcesIV. Protein Feeds of Animal Origina. Meat and Bone Mealb. Blood Mealc. Poultry-Based Productsd. Fish MealV. Carbonaceous Forages/Roughagesa. Forages: Cool- and Warm-Season Grassesb. Forage Physiologyc. Roughages: SilagesVI. Proteinaceous Forages/Roughagesa. Cool- and Warm-Season LegumesVII. Utilizing Forage Cropsa. Pasture Grazing Systemsi. Plant Species SelectionCurrent LectureProtein Feeds – Proteinaceous Concentrates•General Characteristics:< 35% NDF-fair to high energy content> 20% CPThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.•Oil-seed Protein Feeds-soybean meal, cottonseed meal, peanut meal, sunflower meal, flaxseed meal, andcanola meal•Processed to produce  vegetable oil (for humans), meals for animals, and hulls for animalsSoybean Meal (SBM):***•gold-standard of plant-based protein**-no other plant-base has the same nutritional value to nonruminants•oil-extracted soybeans•Types of SBM:44% protein SBM  more hulls (7% crude fiber)50% protein SBM  3% crude fiber•most abundant protein feedstuff in the US•widely used in nonruminant and ruminant diets•Nutritional Value:-best plant-based protein quality-moderate to high in energy-low in Ca, carotene, vitamin D, and B-complex vitamins-moderate to high in P•Antinutritional Factors (detrimental to nonruminants):-raw soybeans have protease inhibitors that bind enzymes like trypsin to reduce proteindigestibility in small intestine-heat during processing will destroy inhibitorsCottonseed Meal (CSM):•oil-extracted cottonseed•typically 41% protein due to higher inclusion of hulls•abundant in the south (TX = biggest cotton producer)•generally cheaper than SBM on protein basis•Nutritive Value:-lower protein quality than SBM (lower lysine conc.)-moderate to high energy-higher fiber due to inclusion of hulls; lower energy for nonruminants-low in Ca, carotene, and vitamin D; high in P•Antinutritional Factors:-glanded cottonseed has pigment glands containing gossypol (bound and free)-most gossypol in cottonseeds is “free” form and can be toxic to pigs and poultry in diets-inclusion of dietary iron will bind free gossypol and reduce absorption -ruminant animals are less susceptible to gossypol toxicityPeanut Meal (PM):•oil-extracted peanut kernels•usually 46% protein•lower protein quality than SBM•cost and relative protein quality make it best choice for ruminant animals•low in Ca, carotene, and vitamin D; moderate P•potential for aflatoxin contaminationSunflower Meal:•Oil-extracted sunflower seeds•34-42% protein is common•moderate crude fiber•lower protein quality compared to SBM ***•moderate Ca; high P•better suited for ruminant diets; found mainly in northern statesFlaxseed Meal:•oil-extracted flaxseed•primarily in northern states•34-38% protein; lower quality than SBM•high in omega fatty acids  alpha linoleic (highest plant source of ALA)•moderate Ca; high P•better for ruminant diets; used to modify fat compositionCanola or Rapeseed Meal:•oil-extracted rapeseeds•can contain euric acid and glucosinolate compounds; canola meal low in glucosinolates•primarily in the north•35-40% protein; lower, but close, protein quality to SBM•moderate Ca; high P•2nd-best plant-based source of good quality proteinCereal-grain By-product FeedsMillfeed Protein Sources:•high-protein cereal grain (corn, sorghum) milling by-products•dry or wet processes•greater than 20% protein***; poor quality protein•examples  corn gluten meal, germ mealDistillery and Brewery Protein Sources:•High protein cereal grain by-products•greater than 20% poor quality protein ***•grains are cooked in water, enzymatically degraded and fermented with yeast •alcohol removed via distillation•Distiller’s Dried Grains (DDG):-25-30% poor quality protein-moderate to high in energy (higher fat than original grain)-High in B-complex vitamins and P; low in Ca•Brewer’s Dried Grains:-25-30% moderate quality protein-moderate to high energy (higher fat than original)-High in B-complex vitamins and P; low in CaProtein Feeds of Animal Origin•Classes:-mammalian- and poultry-based products-milk-based products-marine-based products-raw material from rendering operations  bones, viscera, blood, etc. •General Statements:-excellent protein quality ***-protein quality effected by processing method-animal-based protein feeds regulated because of BSE-can’t feed meat and bone meal to ruminants-most have more protein than soybean mealMeat and Bone Meal (MBM):•most common feed protein of animal origin•45-55% protein•rendered product from animal tissues  bone, hair, hoof, and hide trimmings•AAFCO rules state that MBM must contain minimum 4% P with Ca levels not over 2.2X actual P levels•large batch-to-batch variation of nutritive value•Meat Meal  fewer bones included; 60-65% protein•good sources of quality proteinBlood Meal:•produced from clean, fresh animal blood; exclusive from all other material like hair•80-90% protein•processed by high temperature/short-time methods such as flash ring or spray drying•excellent protein quality (lysine = about 9% of CP); very digestible (80-90%)•relatively expensive•high in bypass protein for use in ruminant diets ***Poultry-Based Products:•Hydrolyzed feather meal:-85-90% protein-low in methionine, lysine, and tryptophan; limited inclusion in nonruminant diets-high in UIP, sometimes used as bypass protein for ruminants•Poultry-Based Meal:-60-65% protein-similar protein quality to that found in MBMFish Meal:•clean, dried tissue from undecomposed whole fish or fish trimmings•55-75% protein **•excellent protein quality; very digestible•high in bioavailable Ca and P•relatively expensive source of protein•high in UIP for ruminant diets **•Menhaden  most common source of fish meal in US•if too much is fed to nonruminants, meat will be off-flavoredCarbonaceous