ANSC 318 1st Edition Lecture 23 Outline of Last Lecture I. Nutritional Requirements and Feed Management of PigsOutline of Current Lecture II. Equine Nutrition and Feedinga. Challengesb. Digestive SystemIII. Components of DietIV. Foragesa. cautionV. Concentrate Feedsa. Energy/Energy DensityCurrent LectureEquine Nutrition and Feeding  Dr. Josie Coverdale•Texas Horse Industry-1,066,800 horses-288,000 households-valued at $4.2 billion-contributes $11.2 billion/yr to TX economy-Texas competes with California for highest number of horses-Equine industry contributes more to US economy than the film industry•Cost of Owning a HorseMinimum % Maximum %Feed 325 40 % 400 26 %Hay 270 400Immunizations 8060%15074%Deworming 52 211Dentistry 80 210Hoof Care 260 900Bedding 175 290Pest Control 50 100Misc. 129 266Repairs 65 133Total $1,486 100% $3,060 100%These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.A FREE HORSE IS NEVER FREE!!!!Challenges in Equine Nutrition:•Size and Breed-range in size from 100 – around 2,000 lbs-different breeds have different energy requirements•Owners feed by volume, not weight-“I feed one coffee can of grain and 2 flakes of hay twice a day”•Separate feeding of forage and grain-horses require forage in their diet that is not processedEquine Digestive System:-horses are built to be grazers and therefore do not handle extreme amounts ofconcentrates well•Horses are strict non-ruminant herbivores -they do not tend to find animal product palatable•Stomach  10% of GI tract-limiting factor-does not allow regurgitation-enzymatic digestion•Small Intestine  30% of GI tract-enzymatic digestion•Hindgut  60% of GI tract-fermentative digestionComponents of a Horse Diet•Balanced rations consider everything  nutrient requirements and nutrient:calorie ratio•Forages-pasture, hay, etc.-VERY important in equine diets•Concentrates-Energy feeds: oats, corn, barley, etc.-protein feeds: SBM, CSM, etc.-Feed additives: minerals, vitamins, etc.-Supplements?: only supplement when neededForage is the Foundation•forage should be the primary component in diet-provides daily nutrient requirements-maintains integrity of GI tract-minimizes vices•How much forage?-minimum 0.75% BW/day -recommended 1% BW/day -mature horses can consume 2 to 3% BW/dayCAUTION!!!•Do not feed to horses:-sorghum, sudan, and sorghum/sudan hybrids  prussic acid; nitrates; quality-kleingrass  intake; liver problems•Possible Problems:-Fescue  endophyte fungus (only a problem in pregnant mares, remove from pasture90 days before parturition)-alfalfa  cantharidin or blister beetles (cause severe burn throughout GIT wheningested)-sweet clover  dicoumarin (stops blood clotting)-millet  alkaloids-dallisgrass  dallisgrass toxicity (ergot)Concentrate Feeds•must be balanced for nutrient needs•consider supplemental to quality forage•digestive system suited for small, forage type meals-large CHO meals can cause colic and/or founder•view as a supplement•When do horses require concentrates?-during performance, gestation, and lactationEnergy:•Soluble CHOs:-oats  1.25 Mcal/lb-corn  1.60 Mcal/lb•Lipid Sources:-vegetable oils  4.08 Mcal/lb-animal fats  3.61 Mcal/lb-Omega 3 vs Omega 6 fatty acids (more omega 3 and less omega 6 is healthier for heart)•Energy requirements expressed as Mcal of DE/dayDE Concentration and Weight Density of Commonly Used Grains:Grain DE Mcal/lb AF basis Wt density lb grain/buEnergy density DE Mcal/buWheat 1.55 60 93Corn 1.60 56 90Barley 1.49 48 72Milo 1.46 56 82Oats 1.25 32 40•Corn and wheat have 2.25X more DE/bushel compared to