ANSC 107 1st Edition Exam 1 Study Guide Lectures 1 6 Lecture 1 September 2 Feeding the World 2 provided food for the US and surplus that is sent abroad We sell meat and grains overseas What are basic human needs Food shelter clothing fuel emotional well being Animal products provide 16 of the calories and 35 of the protein Increased productivity Advancements in Agriculture Per capita income US 12 of income for food India and China 55 65 of income Land Conservation Sustainable agriculture Utilize forage Control unwanted plants Control wildfires Decreased use of chemical herbicides Changes in Agriculture Size operations increase production efficiency Traceability of product conception to consumption Quality assurance of product Family farms are declining Worries about agriculture Food safety quality wholesomeness Hormone implants Contamination where does it come from Animal welfare Environmental safety Influences of media on agriculture Jack and the box beef industry BST in dairy cattle dairy industry BSE Adkins diet meat industry Chicken vs beef heath issues Eggs cholesterol KFC and abused chicken Cage layers Gestation farrowing stalls Selective breeding What does future hold for agriculture Increase size of operations decrease cost of production Sam s Wal Mart McDonalds Genetic improvements in livestock and crops Selection of superior animals embryo transfer splitting cloning semen sexing changes in production and management nationwide traceability Gene mapping Identify good and bad traits Identify superior products Cloning Disease resistant animals GMO Genetic modified organisms Increased animal welfare Putting agriculture into perspective Milk production has increased by almost 7000 million pounds in the last 3 years Where does most food contamination come from Cross contamination when cooking Improper cooking temps hamburgers steak pork Fun Facts One steer can provide 540 servings of beef Iowa is the state leader of pork soybean and corn Cows udder hold 25 30 pounds Lecture 2 September 4 Important Terms Ad libitum allowing animals to eat all they want at all times Compensatory growth increased growth rate in response to previous undernourishment Calorie the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of one gram of water from 15 to 16 degrees C Kilo calorie equivalent to 1000 calories Concentrate A feed that is high in energy low in fiber content and highly digestible TDN Total digestible nutrients Includes total amounts of digestible protein nitrogen free extract fiber and fat multiplied by 2 25 all added together Roughage feed that is high in fiber low in digestible nutrients and low in energy Such as hay straw silage and pasture Feeder Animals that need no further feeding prior to slaughter Feeder pigs very loud and smell bad Fill the contents of digestive tract Cannula used to measure amount of fill in an animal In meat science industry high fill lower yield less fill is best Carcass Merit the value of a carcass for consumption Dark Cutter Color of the lean in the carcass CAUSED BY LONGTERM STRESS Has a dark appearance usually caused by stress to the animal prior to slaughter High moisture content Contemporary group a set of animals of the same sex and breed that have been raised under similar environmental and management conditions Cull to eliminate from the breeding population Due to sickness genetic defect etc crucial to production Fertility The capacity to initiate sustain and support reproduction Libido Sex drive of the male Haploid half the normal number of chromosomes found in sperm and ova A I Abbreviation for artificial insemination i e turkeys E T Abbreviation for embryo transfer Clone an individual grown from single somatic cell of its parent and genetically identical to it Reasons to clone good animal yield grade 2 high marbling Not practical cost to high to clone Estrus Heat the period of mating activity in the female Estrous and adjective meaning heat that modifies such words as cycle Estrous cycle is the heat cycle or time from one hear period to the next Estrus synchronization controlling the estrous cycle so that a high percentage of the females in the herd express estrus at the same time Used mostly in the dairy industry Artificial insemination Gestation Period Term of pregnancy Specie Gestation Period Equine mare 340 Days Bovine cow heifer 283 days Porcine sow 113 days Ovine sheep 147 days Caprine goats 147 days Dystocia difficult birth Colostrum the fist milk given by the female following delivery of her young Contains high levels of antibodies which are absorbed by the young for quick immunity Lactation period period that female produces milk Dry refers to a non lactating female mare cow ewe sow Weaning taking a young animal from is dam mother Anestrous Period the time when a female is not in estrus The non breading season Open refers to non pregnant females DHIA Dairy Herd Improvement Association dairy herds participate in keeping records Scurs small hornlike tissue attached to the skin of polled or dehorned animals Castration Removing the testicles Spaying The removal of the ovaries from the female reproductive tract Most often done in cats and dogs Breed animals having a common origin and characteristics that distinguish them from other groups within the same species Cattle Horses Swine Goats Sheep Cat Dogs Poultr y Male of Breeding age Bull Stallion Boar Buck Ram Tom Dog Cock Mature female Cow Mare Sow Doe Ewe Pussy Bitch Hen Young Male Bullock Colt Shoat Buck Kid Ram Lamb Kitten Puppy dog Chick Young Female Heifer Filly Gilt Doe Kid Ewe Lamb Gib Puppy Bitch Chick Newborn Calf Foal Pig Kid Lamb Neuter Pup Chick Unsexed Male Steer Gelding Barrow Wether Wether Bevy Castrate Capon Unsexed Female Spayed Spayed Spayed Spayed Spayed Neuter Spayed Groups Herd Herd Drove Band Flock Pack Flock Genus Bos Equus Sus Capra Ovis Canis Gallus Act of Breeding Servin g Coverin g Coupling Serving Tupping Mating Copulatin g Mating Littering Whelping Mating Act of Calving Fouling Parturition Lecture 3 September 9 Farrowing Kidding Lambin g Breed Animals of common origin having characteristics that distinguish them other groups within the same species Most breeds were developed to fit a set of environmental constraints o Climate forage supply specific production goals It is useful to segregate breeds according to maturity rates o Indicator of frame size leanness marbling ability muscling fleshing ability and fertility Ranking Breeds Sire Breed Fast growing