I. Environmental physiologyII. Factors affecting critical temperatureIII. Effects of light on animal performancea. Ventilationb. Animal waste managementANSC 107 1nd EditionLecture 20 Outline of previous lectureI. Environmental physiology II. Factors affecting critical temperature III. Effects of light on animal performance a. Ventilation b. Animal waste management Outline of current lecture I. Digestion a. Monogastric b. Ruminant II. Urea cycle Current Lecture 1) Digestion a) The breaking down process of food to allow absorptionb) Combination of actiona) Mechanical: salivating b) Chemical: chewing stomach turningc) Microbrial: stomach, large intestine, cecumc) Continuous process along alimentary canal 2) Classification of digestive systems a) Monogastric a) One stomach b) Humans and swine b) Modified monogastric a) Single stomach but specialized componets that aid in digestionb) Horse and birdsc) Ruminant: These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.a) More than one stomach compartment b) Sheep, cattle, goat, llamas3) Monogastric tract a) Cecum: inlarge in a horse b) Jujunum: start absorbing amino acidsc) 18-24 hours its gone4) Ruminant tract a) Rumen: dinosaur would prey on ruminants b) Takes 72-96 hours to go through passage rate c) Most important part of the rumen is bacteria inside a) At winter supplement the bacteria 5) Passage rate a) Monogastric a) 10-20 hours b) Ruminantsa) 96-120hours b) Rumination occurs 6-8 hours a day(1) Called ruminating 6) Mouth a) Salivary glands secrete: a) Water: moistens the feed and aids in taste mechanisms b) Mucin: lubrication aid for swallowing c) Bicarbonate salts: act as a buffer to regulate stomach pHd) Hormone thyroxin (1) Lubrication down esophagus e) Hydrochloric acid 7) Mouth difference a) Swine: secretion of salivary amylase 8) Esophagusa) Ingested material moves via muscular contraction know as peristaltic waves9) Esophagus differencesa) Horse: only one way peristaltic wavesb) Ruminants: two way movement that allows for regurgitation of bolus for chewing of cuda) Esophageal groove 10) Determination reactiona) Breaks bond to allow nitrogen to be taken and moved to make mythene 11) Stomacha) Reticulum 5%b) Rumen 80%c) Omasum 7-8%d) Abomasum 8-9%12) Reticulum: honeycomb a) Not completely separated from rumen b) Wall are lined with mucus membrane containing many intersecting ridges which subdividing the surface into a honey-comb like surface 13) Rumen a) Large, hollow, muscular compartment which extends from the diaphragm to the pelvis and nearly fills the left side of the abdominal cavity in large dairy cow b) Wall or rumen lined with papillae and secrete no enzymes c) Absorbs nitrogen, fatty acids (VFA)14) Function of the rumena) Storage b) Soaking c) Physical mixing and breakdown d) Fermentation chamber: provides ideal environment for microbial activitya) Bacterial synthesis of water soluble vitamins and vitamin K as well as deamination reactione) Vitamin K and Blood clotting f) Dichomeral: rat poison: heart patients15) Volatille Fatty Acids a) Three main energy sources in ruminant diet b) Not utilized efficiently in swine and horse because of location of synthesis a) Produces (1) Propioniate: energy (glucose)(2) Acetate: high in grazing animals (3) Butyrate: no change16) Rumen and microbes a) Rumen provide bacteria a) Warm, moist, dark, anaerobic condition b) Proper pH (6.8)c) Substrate: grass b) Bacteria provide rumen: a) VFAb) Microbial c) Vitamin K d) B vitamins e) Combine N from dietary protein or non-protein N source with a carbon Skelton from carbohydrate sources to form their own body protein 17) Eructation a) Belching of gasa) Microbial fermentation in the rumen produces large amounts of CO2 and methaneb) If these gases are not released the animal will bloat which can result in death (1) To much green gas18) Urea cyclea) Mechanism that takes nitrogen across the rumen wall back to the salivary glands in order to preserve nitrogen in the system a) Supplement in the winter19) Omasuma) A spherical organ filled with muscular laminae which are studded with short papillae b) Functions: a) Reduction of particle size b) Absorption of water20) Esophageal groovea) A passage way extending from the cardia to abomasum formed by two heavy muscular foldsb) Function to allow milk consumed by the sucking animal to bypass the reticulo-rumen and thus escape bacterial fermentation21) Colostrum a) Milk produced up until 30 hours after birth that provides nutrients and antibodies needed to develop in the immune system b) Gap junctionsc) Start digestion in abomasumd) More energy dense 22) Abomasum: true stomach a) First glandular portion of the ruminant b) Essentially the same as the stomach in non ruminants 23) Stomach (swine and horse)a) Ph around 2-3 b) Storage of ingested food c) Muscular movements cause physical breakdownd) Secretes a) Gastrin b) Hydrochloric acid c) Pepsnd) Rennin24) Stomach- horsea) Larger than other species b) Two regions: glandular and non glandular which are divided by the margo pilcatusa) Ulcers25) Gastrin a) Hormone that causes release of digestive enzymes b) Released in response to stimul:a) Stomach distensionb) Presence of partially digested proteins especially amino acids c) Hyperclcemiac) Inhibited by: a) Presence of acid in stomach b) Somatostatin26) Hydroclhoric acida) Activates pepsina) Break down proteinb) Constitutes the majority of gastric acid c) Secreted by parietal cells27) Pepsinogena) Pepsin is a proteolytic enzyme that begins protein digestionb) Released by the chief cell c) Degrades food protein into peptides28) Rennina) A natural complex of enzymes produced in any mammalian stomach to digest the mother milk29) Small intestine a) Three sections;a) Duodenum b) Jejunum c) Ileum 30) Duodenum a) Receives secretion froma) Bunner gland: alkaline secretionb) Pancreas: secretes majority of digestive jucies with hormone secretin (1) Produces all those enzymes cant digest food without b) Grapha) Chymotrypsin: proteinb) Trypsin: proteinc) Lipase: triglycerides (lipids)d) Amylase: carbohydrates, starch 31) Jujunuma) Active site of nutrient absorptiona) Amino acidsb) Sugar molecules c) Fatty acidd) Glycerol b) Villi: increase absorptive area32) Ileuma) Active site of nutrient absorption33) Livera) Bile salts: emulsify fats, activate lipase a) Breakdown so it can be digested b) Breakdown lipids: