ANSC 107 1nd EditionLecture 22Outline of previous lecture I. NutritionII. Water III. LipidsIV. VFAV. CarbsVI. Vitaminsa. A, D, E, K, B, ThiaminOutline of current lecture I. Nutrition and feedstufII. Nutritional requirements Current lecture 1. Thiamin a. Vitamin b1 is found in whole grain and starchy rootsb. Coenzymes A needed in krebs cycle c. Disease in ruminant 2. Minerals a. Macro Mineralsi. Calcium ii. Potassiumiii. Phosphorus iv. Magnesiumv. Sodiumvi. SulfurThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.vii. Chorineb. Micro Mineralsi. Ironii. Iodineiii. Manganeseiv. Copperv. Cobaltvi. Zincvii. Molybdenum viii. Seleniumix. Chromium 3. Salt a. Mature animal consume .25-.50 oz a day b. Provide free choicec. Can provide complete mineral package or just salt d. Good way to get animals medicated i. Salt blocke. Need cause influences on water f. Salt is usually fed by free choice4. Calcium and phosphorusa. Interrelated in the development of skeletonb. Ca metabolic problems develop rapidly i. Tetany and urinary calculi 1. Tetany is stifness ii. Normal ratio of 2:1 (Ca:P)c. Forages are high in Ca low in P i. Alfalfa is high in Ca ii. Add dicalcium phosphate (1:1) or limestone d. Grains are low in Ca and high in Pi. More likely to see urinary calculiii. Depends on type of grain in diet 1. Corn vs. milo (area where grown)iii. Can use dicalcium phosphate free choice in ewes to prevent problems 5. Magnesium (MACRO)a. Skeletal maintenance and enzymes systems (enzyme breaks down feed stuf)i. Grass tetany is most common problem1. Lush pastures with fast growing forage (SPRING)2. Low blood Mg3. Convulsion, salivation, frothing at the mouth ii. Mg requirements are .15% dietiii. Spring grass that is low Mg and high K + heavily fertilized with N causes problems 6. Potassiuma. Intracellular fluid, osmotic pressureb. Low K causes listlessness and stifness c. Grazing animals rarely have problem i. Unless grazing mature or droughty forages 1. Big problem in Texasd. Most problem seen in feeding areas7. Sulfura. Most needed in wool producing animals i. Disulfide bridges associated with fiber growth ii. Component of methionine cysteine B-vitamins thiamine and biotiniii. Rarely seen as most supplements contain sulfur b. Too much is toxic! X(c. Must watch N:S ration; problem with high urea feedsi. Nitrogen d. Can have toxicity problems over .4%e. Dietary interaction with Mo and Cuf. Sulfur firms insoluble complexes with Mo and Cu which decrease their utilization8. Iodine (MICRO)a. Needed for synthesis of thyroid hormonesb. Common sign of deficiency is goiter i. Swelling under jaw ii. Animals grazing Kale must have added iodine iii. Using iodized salt gernerally eliminates problems iv. Since we don’t grow Kale here its not that big of problem9. Copper (MICO)a. Nervous systems, pigmentation of skini. Cofactor for enzyme reactionb. Sheep need 7-11 ppm c. Goats need 10-25 ppmd. Cu levels influenced y S and Mo levels e. Diferent breeds are more or less susceptible i. Copper toxicity a major problem in show lamb-symptoms and treatment 1. High concentrated feedii. Hard to keep Cu low in feedsf. Dog food is high in copper g. Makes eyes turn orange 10. Iron a. Needed for blood b. Major deficiency i. Heavy parasite load 1. Worm infectionc. Swine need the most of this11. ZN, MO, COa. Minor needb. Zinc-reproductive performancei. Not during lactating ii. Timely basesiii. Not during lactating c. Molybdenum i. Balance other mineralsd. Cobalt-synthesis of b12 i. Cobalt-energy ii. B12 water solublee. Trace minerals12. Selenium a. Regulated by USDAb. Need for cardiac and skeletal muscle function, early embryonic development and tooth development c. Goes hand in hand with vitamin Ed. Areas of US with low selenium levels most afected e. Old cotton fields where arsenic was used i. Biggest problem in west f. White muscle: cattle and sheep tooth developments decrease development g. West south where arsenic in cotton is a problems 13. Feed Additives a. Prevents disease b. Examples i. Chlortetracyclineii. Oxytetracyclineiii. Lasalocidiv. Deconquinatev. Rumensinvi. Rabonc. Digestibility (total digestible nutrients) TDNi. TDN: ligin and cellulose don’t count since indigestive d. Percent crude protein e. Percent fat f. Percent fiberg. Calcium/phosphorous 14. Lasalocid a. Prevention of Coccidiai. Birds and fly transmit decrease grain intakeii. 20-30 g/ton with provide 15-70 mg/hd/diii. 90 g/ton better rate 1. BEST RATEb. Improvement in grainc. Some control of toxoplasmosisi. Small ruminants cause abortion ii. Cat poop15. Decoquinate a. Coccidian prevention b. 13.6 g/ton will provide 22.7 mg/100 lbs bwi. Feed for 28 days during periods of exposure ii. Wet, sunny, blooms, change barns16. Rabona. Fly control b. Often used in horse feed 17. Calcium preventiona. Ammonium chloride i. .5-1.0% ton of feedii. 10-20 lbs ac/ ton of feediii. .60.75% best rateb. Ammonium sulfatei. Same levels ii. Not as efficient for calculi prevention18. Feed stufa. Roughages: grassi. Feed materials, low in energy and containing >18% crude fiberii. Includes: pasture, hay, straw, silarge, and stoveriii. Variable in protein content (4-22%)1. Depends where comes from wheat vs. grainsiv. Needed for bulk in ruminant rationsv. Higher in calcium and trace minerals than most concentrates vi. Legumes are higher in B vitamin and protein than most concentrate 1. Legumes: clover and alphavii. Better source of fat soluble vitamin than most concentrates viii. Limited or excluded in swine rations1. Monogastrics 2. Horses need cause specialized cecumix. More variable in nutritive content and acceptability than concentrates due to variation in stage of maturity and harvesting and storage proceduresx. Necessary in lactating dairy cow ration and the basis of all ruminant dietsxi. Produces heat in ruminant animalsxii. Microbial activity xiii. 1st cut low quality 3 cut higher b. Carbonaceous concentrates i. Grainii. High in energy and low in fiber iii. Low in protein (in relation to oil seds and some mill seeds)iv. Protein quality is variable and generally lowv. Fair in phosphorus, low in calciumvi. Low in vitamin A and D high in thiamin and low in riboflavin, b12 and pantothenic acid1. Low in fat soluble thiamin B1vii. Common examples:1. Corn2. Sorghum grains3. Oats4. Barley5. Wheat6. Molasses 7. Animals fatsviii. Cause scoursc. Proteinaceous concentrates