Exam 3 Study GuideLecture 12Biggest problems in companion animalsResponsibilityDogs and cats-overpopulation problemReptiles-grow up to be large=let lose in the wildNot native to America=wipe out other wildlife populationsAquatic-people bring over different pets- release in wild=not native to AmericaAgriculture types- cute when little but grow up to be large=put back into wild (i.e. potbelly pigs)Associated industriesVeterinary careSmall animals go to vet-vet makes $$Commodity/Agriculture animals (sheep)-do not go to vet-farmer fixes itAgricultural productMay not be profitable to go to vetPet foods-20+ billionPet treats 2.5 billionHelps agricultureMade of byproductsPet servicesPet suppliesPet health care productsNutrition and HealthNutritional health problems are the most common causes of companion animal ailmentsObesity is a major problem in dogsLeads to bone/join problemsBreathing problemsHeart problemsType of pet foodYou get what you pay forPrice associated with quality of pet foodGrain versus meat bases ingredientsCat food that includes the amino acid TaurineCats also need arginineMiscellaneousDry (10-12%) (stored longer)Semi moistHigh moisture (70-75%) (mostly water)What are the good and bad?PalatabilityAdditives-dyes (added for humans-dogs are colorblind and cats are nearly colorblind)Not all are completely balancedCommon Feeding problemsOverfeeding or underfeeding30-40% of dogs and cats overweightFeeding the wrong food (dog food to a cat)Cats need taurine, cant utilize beta carotene from plant sourcesCats cant metabolize propylene glycolFeeding high sugar snacksNot enough clean water (especially cats)Leads to urinary problemsFeeding chocolate to dogsFeeding canned dog food to catsCats cannot metabolize the preservatives used in dog foodsAntifreeze toxicity-#1 killer of house dogsContains ethylene glycol, a sweet substance causing it to be consumedOne teaspoon can kill a small dog or catMetabolites of ethylene glycol causes rapid destruction of cells in renal tubulesKidneys cannot metabolizeRodenticides-rat poisonInhibit production of clotting factors resulting in animals bleeding to deathPesticidesMore common in cats due to lower activity of liver enzymesPlant toxicityMore toxic in catsChocolate poisoningChocolate contains theobromineThe darker the chocolate is, the more theobromine it containsDogs cant metabolize this productFour ounces can kill a small dogParasitesFleasBlood feeding insects with hind legs developed for jumpingTreatment-monthly prevention of another form that interrupts the flea life cycleTicksWeakens host by sucking blood and transmitting diseases such as Lymes disease and rocky mountain spotted feverTreatment-amitraz collars or fipronil or permetherin (toxic to cats) spot treatments of sprays. Usually paired with tick control in the animals environmentTapewormsNarrow, long flat parasite that use an intermediate host. Most common form of tapeworm infestation is caused by ingestion of fleasSigns-intestinal cramping and diarrhea, but often go unnoticedWhite in poop-eggsProglodidsRoundwormsLive in the intestines of animals.Signs-dull hair, pot-bellied, weight loss, coughing, vomiting of adult worms, diarrheaTreatment-several rounds of dewormer containing pyrantel pamoate 2-3 weeks apartHookwormsFound in intestinesFeed by puncturing blood vessels-BLOOD SUCKERSSigns-diarrhea, vomiting, poor appetite, weakness, pale mucus membranes, anemia, deathTreatment-several rounds of a dewormer containing pyrantel pamoate 2-3 weeks apart.WhipwormsSmall parasite that only affects dogs-small intestinesSigns-diarrhea, weight loss, and electrolyte abnormalities that may cause seizuresTreatment-dewormer containing tenbendazole once a day for three daysDispose of any foods or toys that may contain whipworm eggsHeartwormsParasite that as adults live in the right chamber of the heart where carbon dioxide is removed from and oxyben is affed to the bloodMicrofilaria (baby heartworms) are passed from host to host by mosquitoSigns-deep chest cough, fatigue and lethargy, weight loss, labored respiration, abdominal distention or bloatingTreatment-very risky and expensiveConsists of drug administered through IV for several days in a row to slowly kill the adult heartwormPrevention-monthly pill (must kill worms slowly)Canine infectious diseasesCanine distemperCanine hepatitisCanine parvovirus#1 killer in puppiesCanine coronavirusRabiesMust go to vetFeline infectious diseaseFeline infectious peritonitisFeline rhinotracheitisFeline leukemia virusRabiesZoonosisRabiesSalmonellaLymes diseaseGiardiaInternal parasiteCat scratch feverRing wormFungusToxoplasmosisProtozoaLecture 13-not on examLecture 14-not on examLecture 15GrowthIncrease in body weight until maturity is reachedIncrease in animal tissue, muscle, fat and boneMeasures of growth include: weight/unit time (WDT), height/unit time; average daily gain; days to 260 (swine); weaning weight; yearling weightTrue GrowthThe only growth that involves an increase in structural tissues. Excludes fat as storage tissueDevelopmentDirective coordination of all diverse processes until maturity is reachedInvolves growth, cellular differentiations and changes in body shapeControlled by genetic make-up of the animalMaturityState of being fully grown or developedSexual and compositional maturityPhysiological vs. chronological ageChronological age refers to the animals age in terms of units of timePhysiological age refers to stages (landmarks) of development as the animal grows from conception to maturityHyperplasia vs. hypertrophyHyperplasia-increase in number of cellsHypertrophy- increase in cell sizeEfficiency of growthEfficiency in production is defined as units of input per unit outputUnit of feed (lbs. or kg) per unit of gain (lbs. or kg)Curved line functionGrowth considered an increase in body weight so most early growth follows a straight lineTrue growth is defined as increase in body protein-true growth stops when animal reaches maturityOrder of tissue developmentAt birth, various body parts have different shapes and propertiesFor example,Horse-head and legsLamb-legsOrder of Fat depositPerinephric-internal=kidney, pelvic and heart fat=leaf fatIntermuscular fat-seam fatSubcutaneous- external fat=back fatIntramuscular-marbling-flank streakingMeasures of growth in livestockSwine birth weight, weaning weight, days to 23- lbs.Horses growth is generally measured in hands at a certain agePoultry days to slaughter weightCorrelated responses to selection