ANSC 107 1st EditionExam # 1 Study Guide Lectures: 1 - 6Lecture 1 (September 2)Feeding the World - 2% provided food for the US and surplus that is sent abroad- We sell meat and grains overseasWhat are basic human needs?- Food, shelter, clothing, fuel, emotional well being- Animal products provide 16% of the calories and 35% of the protein- Increased productivityAdvancements in Agriculture- Per capita income-US 12% of income for food-India and China 55-65% of income Land Conservation - Sustainable agriculture- Utilize forage- Control unwanted plants- Control wildfires- Decreased use of chemical herbicides Changes in Agriculture- Size operations-increase production efficiency- Traceability of product-conception to consumption- Quality assurance of product- Family farms are decliningWorries about agriculture? - Food safety, quality, wholesomeness- Hormone implants- Contamination/where does it come from?- Animal welfare- Environmental safety Influences of media on agriculture - Jack and the box-beef industry- BST in dairy cattle-dairy industry- BSE- Adkins diet-meat industry- Chicken vs. beef- heath issues- Eggs-cholesterol- KFC and abused chicken- Cage layers- Gestation/farrowing stalls - Selective breeding What does future hold for agriculture?- Increase size of operations=decrease cost of production -Sam’s, Wal-Mart, McDonalds- Genetic improvements in livestock and crops-Selection of superior animals, embryo transfer, splitting, cloning, semen sexing, changes in production and management, nationwide traceability- Gene mapping-Identify good and bad traits-Identify superior products- Cloning-Disease resistant animals- GMO- Genetic modified organisms - Increased animal welfarePutting agriculture into perspective - Milk production has increased by almost 7000 million pounds in the last 3 yearsWhere does most food contamination come from?- Cross contamination when cooking- Improper cooking temps-hamburgers/steak/porkFun Facts - One steer can provide 540 servings of beef - Iowa is the state leader of pork, soybean, and corn- Cows udder hold 25-30 poundsLecture 2 (September 4) Important Terms Ad libitum- allowing animals to eat all they want at all timesCompensatory growth- increased growth rate in response to previous undernourishmentCalorie- the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of one gram of water from 15 to 16 degrees C Kilo calorie- equivalent to 1000 caloriesConcentrate- A feed that is high in energy, low in fiber, content and highly digestibleTDN-Total digestible nutrients-Includes total amounts of digestible protein, nitrogen-free extract, fiber, and fat (multiplied by 2.25) all added together. Roughage-feed that is high in fiber, low in digestible nutrients, and low in energy. Such as hay, straw, silage, and pasture Feeder-Animals that need no further feeding prior to slaughter-Feeder pigs-very loud and smell badFill-the contents of digestive tract -Cannula-used to measure amount of fill in an animal -In meat science industry-high fill=lower yield (less fill is best)Carcass Merit-the value of a carcass for consumptionDark Cutter-Color of the lean in the carcass. CAUSED BY LONGTERM STRESS-Has a dark appearance usually caused by stress to the animal prior to slaughter-High moisture content Contemporary group- a set of animals of the same sex and breed that have been raised under similar environmental and management conditions Cull-to eliminate from the breeding population-Due to sickness, genetic defect etc. * crucial to productionFertility-The capacity to initiate, sustain and support reproductionLibido-Sex drive of the maleHaploid-half the normal number of chromosomes found in sperm and ova A.I.- Abbreviation for artificial insemination (i.e. turkeys) E.T.- Abbreviation for embryo transfer Clone-an individual grown from single somatic cell of its parent and genetically identical to it-Reasons to clone-good animal, yield grade 2, high marbling -Not practical-cost to high to cloneEstrus/ Heat- the period of mating activity in the female Estrous- and adjective meaning “heat” that modifies such words as “cycle”. Estrous cycle is the heat cycle or time from one hear period to the next Estrus synchronization- controlling the estrous cycle so that a high percentage of the females in the herd express estrus at the same time -Used mostly in the dairy industry (Artificial insemination) Gestation Period-Term of pregnancy****Specie Gestation Period Equine (mare) 340 Days Bovine (cow/heifer) 283 days Porcine (sow) 113 days Ovine (sheep) 147 days Caprine (goats) 147 days Dystocia-difficult birthColostrum-the fist milk given by the female following delivery of her young. Contains high levels of antibodies which are absorbed by the young for quick immunity Lactation period- period that female produces milkDry-refers to a non-lactating female (mare, cow, ewe, sow) Weaning-taking a young animal from is dam (mother)Anestrous Period- the time when a female is not in estrus. The non-breading season Open-refers to non-pregnant femalesDHIA- Dairy Herd Improvement Association-dairy herds participate in keeping recordsScurs-small hornlike tissue attached to the skin of polled or dehorned animalsCastration-Removing the testiclesSpaying-The removal of the ovaries from the female reproductive tract-Most often done in cats and dogsBreed- animals having a common origin and characteristics that distinguish them from other groups within the same species Cattle Horses Swine Goats Sheep Cat Dogs Poultry Male of Breeding ageBull Stallion Boar Buck Ram Tom Dog Cock Mature femaleCow Mare Sow Doe Ewe Pussy Bitch Hen Young Male Bullock Colt Shoat Buck Kid Ram Lamb Kitten Puppy dog Chick Young FemaleHeifer Filly Gilt Doe Kid Ewe Lamb Gib Puppy Bitch Chick Newborn Calf Foal Pig Kid Lamb Neuter Pup Chick Unsexed MaleSteer Gelding Barrow Wether Wether Bevy Castrate Capon Unsexed Female Spayed Spayed Spayed Spayed Spayed Neuter Spayed -------Groups Herd Herd Drove Band Flock --------- Pack Flock Genus Bos Equus Sus Capra Ovis --------- Canis Gallus Act of Breeding/Mating Serving Covering Coupling Serving Tupping Mating CopulatingMatingAct of ParturitionCalving Fouling Farrowing Kidding LambingLittering Whelping -------Lecture 3 (September 9)Breed-Animals of common origin having characteristics that