Chapter 9 Study Guide1. The spoils system and the principle of rotation.a. Spoils systems is a way for an elected official to ‘give back’ to the people that helped him/her gain office. After Jackson won in the Election of 1828,all the people who he believed to have helped him win office he appointedinto governmental positions. To the victor goes the spoils was a term coined after the election and it basically means, “Good things come to the winning party”. The principle of rotation was a way to allow for general people and citizens to become involved in government through appointment. 2. Which factors led to a revival of sectional tensions and the Nullification Crisis.a. Tariff Act of 1832: Imposed a large tax on exports which angered southerners because most of the cotton they were producing was exported.The issue was strongly supported by Notrherners and opposed heavily by southerners. Although it was meant to lower tariffs and taxes from the Tariff of 1828, Southerners did not feel it did enough for the south and feltthe new law favored the north heavily. Mainly opposed by South Carolina,the tariff lead to the nullification crisis.b. The Nullification Crisis: South Carolina as a state deemed the Tariff of 1832 to be totally unconstitutional and did not protect states rights. South Carolina threatened to succeed the union because of the massive economicdownturn they had faced as a result of the two tariffs and they did not believe the congress was working with an interest in states rights. It created division among the presidency because Jackson did not care about the nullification but his VP John C Calhoun resigned his office to lead the senate so he could focus on the nullification crisis. The crisis was resolvedwhen South Carolina repealed the Ordinance of Nullification. c. The Force Bill: Jackson passed this law because he worried that there would be rebellion in South Carolina. The Bill allowed Jackson to send troops to South Carolina to immediately stop any rebellion that may arise within the stated. South Carolina realized that succession would only be possible with the support of numerous southern states.3. Events surrounding the Indian removal a. The Indian Removal Act of the 1830: The first major bill passed in Jackson’s presidency. Jackson believed that the Indians residing in the South were a threat to the state and thus needed to be relocated and removed from the area. Jackson also knew 100,000 Indians were occupying 1,000,000 acres of prime land west of the Mississippi River that could be used thus he wanted them out. b. Cherokee vs. Georgia: The Cherokee Indians brought a case against Georgia that made it all the way to the Supreme Court. Chief Justice John Marshall ruled in favor of the Indians and deemed the Indian Removal Actof 1830 unconstitutional.c. The Trail of Tears: Jackson totally ignored the ruling of Marshall and decided that nobody would stop him in removing the Indians. He sent military to forcibly remove the Indians and relocate them to what is now Oklahoma. The trail of tears was an 800 mile journey that caused 4,000 of the 18,000 Cherokee dying in route to their new home.4. The basic principles on which Jacksonian Democrats agreed.a. Democratsb. Small Governmentc. Government should protect the rights of alld. Small farmers, workers, Catholics, and Immigrants5. The formation of the Whig party and its ideology.a. Whigs came about essentially as a party that opposed everything that Jackson stood for. When Jackson was out of presidency, the Whigs lost thefuel for their fire.b. Active Governmentc. Government should help business and reform societyd. Large Planters, Protestants, and Big Business6. The Second Bank of the United States.a. Jackson heavily opposed the Second National Bank and he did not believe that it was not beneficial to the common people and thought it to be unconstitutional. b. He wanted to get rid of the bank and thus he decided to no longer deposit federal funds into the bank. When the bank stopped getting deposits it ran out of money and had to close its doors.7. The election of 1828.a. Considered the dirtiest of presidential elections everb. Adams accused Jackson of: having a wild outrageous temper, killing people in duels, ad accused his wife of being an adulterer for marrying Jackson before divorcing her first husband.c. Jackson said of Adams: while an ambassador to Russia Adams had brought a girl along to have sex with the czar, they accused Adams of being a pimp.8. Martin van Burena. Dutch descendantsb. Very much like Jackson and helped organize Jacksonian Democracyc. Largely blamed for the economic panic of 1837 d. Only served 4 years9. Andrew Jackson.a. One of the most influential presidents in the history of the presidency.b. Agreed on Trade arrangements with Britainc. France agree to compensation during Napoleon’s French Revolutiond. Trail of Tears, Nullification Crisis, and the Second National Bank Chapter 11 Study GuidePoints for Mastery:1. What led Texans to rebel against Mexican rule (including Stephen F. Austin, Sam Houston, James K. Polk, and the War for Texas Independence).a. Texans rebelled because they did not want to be considered citizens of Mexico and more importantly, they did not want to be converted into Catholicism2. The concept of Manifest Destiny and its impact on American foreign policy.a. Manifest Destiny can be defined as “expansion prearranged by heaven over an area that is not clearly defined.”b. This idea impacted American Foreign because they believed expanding America for “sea to shining sea”, explore, settle, and exploit the entire continent was a duty for them to carry out.c. This belief resided in almost anyone, Whigs and Democrats, North and South, all believed3. The settlement of the dispute over Oregon.a. The Webster-Ashburton Treaty resolved numerous border issues betweenBritain and America.b. Daniel Webster and Baron Asburton that the border between America andCanada would run along the 49th parallel settled it. 4. Events leading to the war with Mexico (the Annexation of Texas).a. Americans had migrated to Texas and thus outnumbered Mexicans 10 to 1b. Immigration Law of 1830: The Mexican Government bans immigrationas a way to control population in the territory which angers Americans in Texasc. Bans Slavery: They also ban slavery which angers the American settlers even more.d. Military outposts are built in the territories to try and control revolts but it results in