VI Spanish North America1. Spain had two enormous Viceroyalties in the New World.a. One was named Viceroyalty of La Nueva España. It included all the Spanish provinces north of the Isthmus of Panama.b. The other was the Viceroyalty of Peru which covered all of Spanish South America except the coast of Venezuela.c. These two viceroyalties remained unaltered for two centuries until the Bourbons came into power in. Some 62 Viceroys ruled in New Spain and 41 ruled in Peru from 1492-1821.d. Technically Spanish Colonial America (including Mexico) was New Spain.e. New Spain gradually grew as the harsh semi desert north was slowly pacified by the exodus of missionary friars, miners, ranchers, and military governments settled this vast territory.f. Provinces within the viceroyalties were as follows: New Biscay (1562), New Leon (1579), New Mexico (1598), Coahuila y Tejas (1687-1718) under Mexico until 1836, Sinaloa (1734), New Santander (1746, areas north of the Rio Grande south of the Nueces River was a disputed area until 1846), California (1767).g. The Spanish presence on the North American Continent extended from the East Coast to the Pacific as far North in the Pacific as Nootka Sound on Vancouver Island in what is now British Columbia.VI Spanish Colonies in the U.S.1. Florida: Between 1513 and 1763, Spanish Florida extended across much of the Southeastern United States, forming one of the northernmost colonies in the New World Empire of Spain.b. It ranged from Virginia and the Carolinas south to the Florida Keys, and as far west as Alabama and the Florida panhandle.c. Spanish sailors, soldiers, missionaries, and colonists interacted with dozens of indigenous chiefdoms comprising literally hundreds of thousands of native Southeastern Indians.2. Louisiana: France (1699-1769) then Spain (1769-1800, 1803) then France (1803) sold it to the U.S. from France in the Louisiana Purchase in 1803Lecture 4: The British and Spanish Colonies in the Eighteenth Century, 1689-1763 I. The British Transatlantic Communities of Trade A. Regions of Commerce 1. England’s colonies were divided into five distinct regional economies and a backcountry economy. a. Britain’s Caribbean possessions produced sugar. b. The Lower South produced rice. c. The Chesapeake economy centered on tobacco. d. New England concentrated on fishing, timber, shipbuilding,and international commerce. e. The middle colonies focused on wheat and overseas trade. f. The backcountry had a subsistence-level economy. B. The Cords of Commercial Empire 1. The colonies traded abroad widely. a. The majority of their trade was with England. 2. The colonies also traded extensively with each other. II. Community and Work in Colonial Society A. New England Society and Culture 1. A wealthy merchant elite arose in the seaport towns by the end of the seventeenth century. a. Although economic success replaced older values, older attitudes toward education remained. 2. Land became scarce in the eighteenth century. a. New Englanders moved to new farming regions or to commercial centers. b. New immigrants avoided settling in New England. B. Planter Society and Slavery 1. Until the 1680s, much of the population consisted of indentured male servants 2. engaged to work in the tobacco fields. 3. In the 1680s, however, the drawbacks to African slavery began to vanish. a. The Dutch monopoly on the slave trade was broken by the English and competition among English slavers drove prices down and ensured a steady supply of slaves. b. The prosperity of the region depended upon slave labor. C. Slave Experience and Slave Culture 1. The transit from Africa to North America was a brutal experience, especially on the middle passage. 2. Isolation on small plantations and continual new arrivals on larger ones made it difficult for a distinctive slave culture to emerge. 3. Slave owners lived in fear of revolts.a. The odds against a successful uprising were high, and few slave rebellions occurred; the Stono Rebellion was the mostfamous that did. D. The Urban Culture of the Middle Colonies 1. The urban life of New York City and Philadelphia was what made the middle colonies distinctive. a. Urban problems included overcrowding, disease, and crime. b. Varied opportunities for employment were their major attraction. 2. The highest concentration of African Americans in the northern colonies lived in New York City. a. Urban racial tension took the form of fear of slave uprisingsand led to great violence. E. Life in the Backcountry 1. Most immigrants in the eighteenth century settled in the backcountry. a. They were joined there by the sons of older families in the East, who were searching for land. 2. Backcountry inhabitants were often in conflict with colonial governments. a. Disputes over Indian policy gave rise to conflict, as in the case of Pennsylvania’s Paxton Boys. b. South Carolina’s Regulators objected to insufficient government services in the backcountry. c. North Carolina’s Regulators began an armed rebellion because of corrupt government officials. III. Reason and Religion in Eighteenth-Century Colonial Society A. The Impact of the Enlightenment 1. American colonists were influenced by the ideas of the European Enlightenment, which stressed reason and progress. a. Some were drawn to deism. b. Many accepted John Locke’s social contract theory. B. Religion and the Religious Institutions 1. Religious toleration grew as the number of Protestant sects in the colonies increased. a. Toleration did not extend to Catholics. b. Toleration was not defined as separation of church and state; established churches remained. 2. Indifference to religion also grew. a. Women, however, tended to remain more involved in the churches.C. The Great Awakening 1. This movement for religious revival stressed the importance of fiery preaching. a. The greatest preaching of all was that by the visiting George Whitefield. 2. The revival movement caused conflict in colonial society. a. More traditional clergymen and the wealthy resented attacks on them; controversies broke out within churches and denominations; and religious affiliation often translatedinto political positions and to class tensions. 3. New colleges were established. IV. Government and Politics in the Mainland Colonies A. Imperial Institutions and Policies 1. Reorganization of the British Empire in 1696 resulted in creation of the Board of Trade. a. In reality, authority over the colonies remained divided among many