New BusinessmenKey features of corporationsWhat was a corporation?Standard Oil of New JerseyA Threat to the Pursuit of HappinessThere was no analogy in the past a new invention…The corporation was an artificial creationCorporations threatened to destroy competitionPursuit of PropertyThe Nature of Nineteenth-Century ImmigrationImmigration Restriction LeagueWhy did immigrants settle in cities?Reactions of "Native" Americans to ImmigrationAnglo-Saxon MythEugenics"Cult of True Womanhood"The Women's Rights MovementThree main feminist movements: 1870s-19191. The Suffragists2. The Social Feminists3. The Radical FeministsWhite Attitudes and "Scientific Racism"Main critiques made by Populists:Populism and Presidential ElectionsDefinition of Liberalism:Although many historians speak of a Progressive "movement," we should really think of Progressivism as an umbrella, under which a variety of reform groups and champions of liberalism gathered. So, any discussion of Progressivism should begin with the meaning of "Liberalism" at the beginning of the twentieth century:"Definition" of Progressivism:Types of Progressive ReformBasic Goals of ProgressivesOrigins of Progressive Thought and Action:"A Splendid Little War"Results of the Spanish-American WarUnited States became more like European countriesOrder and EfficiencyTeller and Platt AmendmentsLecture Chapter 18The American West and The Creation of the Western ImageThe American West played an increasingly significant role in United States' history between 1865 and 1890. During this period, Anglo-Americans settled 430 million acres of land and overwhelmed Native Americans in the so-called Indian Wars. Furthermore, ten new states entered the Union, bringing the total number of states to forty-eight by 1912. Finally, over the course of just a few decades, three commercial "empires" rose and fell: mining, especially gold and silver; farming; and cattle.Some questions to keep in mind:1. Where was the "Old West" between 1865 and 1890? Can you locate it on a map?2. Who was Frederick Jackson Turner and why was he significant? 3. How did the United States deal with American Indians in the West? 4. What about those people that were already there can it be called a frontier if it wasalready inhabited?5. Is the West still appealing today? Why or why not? Frederick Jackson Turner was a farm boy from out west writes his thesis and later becomes a prof. at the University of Wisconsin and later sells out to Harvard.Major points: 1. Turner conceived of the West not as a particular geographic place, but as a frontierprocess - as a series of West on a receding frontier line - the point where savagery meets civilization. 2. For Turner, American history was largely a tale of people leaving settled areas for the frontier, and their struggle to survive in new lands. According to Turner, this epic struggle explained American development. 3. The frontier reproduces American democracy and individualism - the frontier requires Americans to develop new institutions and "free land makes free men." 4. Finally, Turner claimed that in 1890 the frontier had closed, ending the first stage of American development. Turner believed that the closing of the frontier created uncertainty, and he questioned how Americans could maintain their democratic traditions and institutions without access to free land. He is the fore father of American Exceptionalism. Land gave individuals mobility----Free land was the American Dream In the west democracy would prevail----Prior to the settling of the west the closest democratic states were Kentucky and Tennessee why because they were egalitarian states Thus in the west we would have egalitarian communities.1In sum, Turner argued that civilization is a process in which society becomes ever more complex. As complexity increases, opportunities become more limited, and civilization inevitably subordinates individuals to societyOther reasons why the west was so attractive1. SpaceThere are three distinct environmental regions: - Trans-Mississippi West ( Middle West to 98 parallel ) - Far West (Sierra Nevada and Cascade Mountains to Pacific Ocean) - Great Basin (Sierra Nevada and Rocky Mountains.A myth is created in the West of a garden of Eden Wilber described the trans-Mississippi West as a lush paradise. He based this claim on "scientific" evidence that purportedly proved that "rain follows the plow." The myth of the Garden undermined the idea that theWest was the "Great American Desert" and convinced many American farmers that they could prosper on the Plains.The credibility of the Garden myth was strengthened by the unusually high levels of rainfall recorded throughout the 1870s and early 1880s, which further encouraged settlement. But, by the mid 1880s, the Plains entered a period of low rainfall and massive out-migration. Families began to leave with signs on their wagons, "In God we trusted, inKansas we busted."The heyday of the "Old West" was from roughly 1865 to 1890. During this period, American migrants drove Indians from their homelands, and settled more than 430 million acres of land, which doubled the size of the nation. Furthermore, these settlers carved out ten new states. Finally, three western-based commercial "empires" rose and fell between 1865 and 1890; mining, especially gold and silver; farming; and the cattle industry.The Images that arose form the western experienceAmericans continue to associate with the "Old West" became a breeding ground for a number of fictional characters who seem to embody rugged individualism and self-reliance, such as the yeoman farmer, the wealthy cattle baron, the lawless gunslinger, and the hardy cowboy.Wild Buffalo Bill Cody---Wild Bill Hickock---Wyatt Earp--Billy the KidThe emergence of the Trans-Continental railroad represented what? Progress the rise of big business in the West.So how deals with the Indians the federal government, so in essence the government the railroads and big corporations settle the west.2Some settlers do fight Indians but soon after Little Big Horn the feds get on it and eradicate them. (Stagecoach scene is a myth)One striking event was that at the Wounded Knee Massacre in 1890 many folks were shocked to know Indians still existed in the West.CowboysThe Civil War introduced more people to beef so after the war there was a great demand for beef in the east Coast.Historians say approximately 35,000 men worked as cowboys between 1864 and 1884. Of those