Lecture 8 The Triumphs and Trials of Jeffersonianism 1800 1815 I The Revolution of 1800 A The Lesser of Republican Evils 1 The Federalists were again split internally a Hamilton sought Adams s defeat as president and the election of C C Pinckney instead b Southern Federalists supported Jefferson 2 Jefferson s election as president was decided by the House of Representatives a Jefferson and Burr who was running for vice president had tied in the Electoral College b Hamilton threw his support to Jefferson c Two states mobilized their militias to prevent Jefferson s defeat d The Twelfth Amendment to the Constitution was adopted to prevent a recurrence of this kind of crisis B Federalist Defenses and Party Acceptance 1 The outgoing Federalist controlled Congress consolidated its hold on the judiciary a The Judiciary Act of 1801 created new judicial positions which Adams rushed to fill before he left office 2 Jefferson sought reconciliation with the Federalists a His inaugural address stressed the similarities between Republicans and Federalists and advocated free speech for the party out of power b In turn the concept of the loyal opposition began to take root C Madison versus the Midnight Appointments 1 The Republicans moved to end Federalist control of the courts a They repealed the Judiciary Act of 1801 b James Madison withheld undelivered letters of appointment including William Marbury s 2 John Marshall developed the doctrine of judicial review a In Marbury v Madison he ruled that the relevant law in Marbury s attempt to obtain his letter of appointment was unconstitutional b It established the principle that federal courts rather than states could decide the constitutionality of acts of Congress 3 The Republicans attempted to remove presiding Federalist judges from the bench a John Pickering was impeached b The effort to impeach Samuel Chase failed c This solidified Jefferson s leadership of the Republican party 1 II III Republicanism in Action A Jefferson s Vision for America 1 Jefferson favored a nation of small farmers a The evils of overpopulation and large cities would thereby be avoided b Manufactured goods could be imported from Europe in return for American produce c Government would stay away from shaping the economy on behalf of business d Free trade would benefit both America and Europe 2 Albert Gallatin implemented Jefferson s economic policies a The government s budget was slashed b All internal taxes were repealed customs duties and sale of western lands alone remained to finance the government B War in the Mediterranean 1 Conflict erupted again with the Barbary pirates a Jefferson decided on war with them rather than continue to pay them not to attack American shipping b Hostilities lasted until 1805 when the United States ransomed captured Americans in return for a cessation of Barbary piracy C Crisis in America s Interior 1 Jefferson feared conflict with France over American access to the Mississippi River a Spain had given its lands in North America to France and had suspended free trade at New Orleans b America feared the French army sent to recapture Santo Domingo might next head for New Orleans c Jefferson went so far as to contemplate an alliance with the British D The Louisiana Purchase 1 France offered to sell all of Louisiana for 15 million a Jefferson s representatives in Europe agreed though originally authorized to spend only 2 million 2 Congress quickly ratified the purchase a Only Federalists from the Northeast opposed it 3 Even before the purchase Jefferson sent a secret expedition to explore the area a The Lewis and Clark Expedition reached all the way to the Pacific Ocean Challenge and Uncertainty in Jefferson s America 2 A B C D The Heritage of Partisan Politics 1 Federalists found themselves in a weak position as the election of 1804 approached a Jefferson s policies and achievements made the Republicans exceedingly popular and gave them the election by a wide margin b The Federalists tried to make an issue of the Louisiana Purchase Westward Expansion and Social Stress 1 The West attracted huge numbers of settlers giving rise in turn to new anxieties a Eastern businessmen feared a decline in their political influence and profits and a rise in labor costs b Western authorities struggled to absorb all the newcomers and to keep peace with the Indians 2 The West s economy was problematic a Exporting produce proved expensive because of the country s limited transportation routes The ebb and flow in new settlement led to economic unpredictability 3 Social instability also appeared a Settled mostly by young men western communities were not orderly b In the East the young reached independence at an earlier age because they could leave home to migrate west The Religious Response to Social Change 1 Religious developments mirrored the nation s changing society a Rationalism culminating in Unitarianism appealed to easterners seeking to advance in commerce and manufacturing b Evangelical churches grew rapidly in the South and especially in the West The Problem of Race in Jefferson s Republic 1 Jefferson believed that whites were superior to blacks 2 In the North African Americans undertook to develop their own institutions a Despite emancipation in the North they were systematically excluded from white society b African Methodist Episcopal churches developed in many communities c The churches in turn developed educational and other institutions 3 Jefferson regarded American Indians not as inferior to whites but as culturally backward a Services for Indians developed by his administration aimed to transmit white culture to them 3 b 4 IV Until acculturation was complete the Indians should be protected Some American Indian groups Cherokees Creeks began to centralize and to build their own economies a Nearby whites regarded these developments as impediments to their own westward expansion b Fearing conflict Jefferson encouraged such American Indians to move farther west c This idea of segregating Native Americans would form the basis for Indian policy for the rest of the century Troubling Currents in Jefferson s America A Emerging Factions in American Politics 1 Federalists in the Northeast began to plan to secede from the United States a Timothy Pickering and the Essex Junto believed their interests could not succeed under the Republicans 2 Divisions appeared also among the Republicans a John Randolph of Virginia opposed the expansion of the government s