Chapter 1:Points for Mastery:1. The forces that drove Europeans to exploration.2. Why England was relatively slow to explore and settle the New World.3. European beliefs and attitudes that governed their relations with Native Americans.The Europeans believed that the Indians were savages, they believed that they were monstrous. This ultimately lead the settlers to take advantage of the Indian populations and used them strickly to gain vital supplies they needed in order to survive. 4. How European and Native American concepts of land differed.The Indians had much respect for the land whereas European settlers would do anything to survive. The settlers saw the land as an opportunity for profit where the Indians had respect for the land. 5. The impact of disease on Native American populations.The smallest estimates believe that millions of Native Americans were killed during the first 100 years after the Columbian Exchange began. Natives of the newly found land lacked immunity to many of the diseases that Europeans brought across the pond with them.6. The Protestant Reformation and its impact on colonization of the western hemisphere.With Martin Luthers break off from the Catholic Church, it caused huge religious division in Europe which ultimately lead to a time of war. After the Protestant Reformation manysettlers coming to America were not in search of gold, many were in search of religious freedom free from persecution and violence towards them based on their beliefs. 7. Why private exploration was prominent in England and what the consequences were.The exploration of the New World was a private business affair because of the ideas of mercantilism. The colonies were seen only as an opportunity to create prosperity for Britain through maintaining a steady line of trade and processing of raw materials into goods which would ultimately create profit for Britain. 8. What problems confronted English settlement.Indian attacks, lack of food, disease/sickness, and the Starvation time (1609-1610) killed off many of the settlers.9. What a proprietary colony was.10. The Columbian Exchange. – The transfer of cultures, animals, food, disease, etc. among people of different continents following the exploration of the Americas in 1492. The disease have lowest estimates killing Millions of New World inhabitants because they lacked the properly immunity to these European diseasesThe Maize Revolution-1. Indians interbreaded various species of grasses which created corn2. Marked the shift from hunting & gathering towards farming and cultivating the land. Christopher Columbus – Italian mariner who discovered the Americas in 1492 sailing under the flagof Spain. Queen Isabella- Queen of Spain who agreed to allow/fund Columbus’s journeys to sail in hopes of finding the East IndiesThe Treaty of Tordesillas- 14941. Brought about by Pope for Spain and Portugal2. Newly discovered lands would be divided between the two3. Lead to Spanish control over essentially all land but what is now BrazilThe Conquistadores- Spanish for “conquerors”, the soldiers brought with Columbus to conquer the new world not always in a pretty fashion, pillage & plunder sometimes. Hispaniola- Site of Columbus first established colonies in the Americas in 1492 and 1493 Francisco Vasquez de Coronado- 1. Explored the American Southwest2. He set out from 1540 to 1542 in search for the Seven Cities of Gold (Cibola) but failed and returned to Mexico empty handed. Bartolome de las Casas- 1. Witnessed the forced labor system of the Indians by Spanish and openly opposed this treatment of the Indians2. Suggested the use of African Slaves instead Saint Augustine- first permanent colony established in North America in 1565Pedro Menendez- Sent by king of Spain to establish a military colony along the Atlantic Coast to protect route for silver fleets The Pueblo Revolt- 1. Pueblo Indian uprising against Spanish settlers in what is now Santa Fe, New Mexico2. 400 Spanish killed and 2,000 driven from their settlementEcological imperialism- 1. Major Population loses from disease2. Caused by the Columbian Exchange and the contact between two new worlds3. Deadliest in it first hundred years with estimates of a few million casualties for the natives New Spain- what is now Mexico, territory controlled by Spain and ruled by the King of Spain Martin Luther- Leader of the first break off the Catholic Church, which created the Protestant ReformationHenry VIII- formed the Church of England because the Catholic Pope would not grant him an annulment of his marriage, married 6 different times and beheaded many of his wives. 1. Head of Church and King of England, which causes problems. No separation of Church and State, many people fled to America Walter Raleigh- Granted charter to colonize an area along the outskirts of North Carolina (Roanoke Island Colony) for trading and privateersRoanoke Island- 1. Total Mystery as to what happened to the colony2. Colony was totally dismantled with no sign of fight or struggle, nobody know what happened to themJamestown- First permanent English settlement/colony in 1607 led by Captain John SmithThe London Company- 1. Chartered by King James I 2. Funded the journey of 2 ships with 104 settlers to go to North America3. Began as a small business endeavor geared at the hopes of making huge profitJohn Smith- expert military leader, tradesmen, and leader of the Jamestown ColonyThe Puritans- 1. Dessenters of the Anglican Church that wanted to make it more Calvinistic, predestination2. Came to America to establish the ideal “City Upon A Hill”3. Against church hierarchy, common prayer, or Anglican prayerThe Pilgrims William Bradford- 1. Head of the Plymouth Colony2. Came on Mayflower with 101 settlersThe Mayflower Compact-1. First example of “rule by the consent of the governed” in the United States2. It became the authority by which the settlers made their own laws ad chose their own officials 3. Establishes the concept that law of the land are written in documentsJohn Winthrop- 1. Governor of the Massachusetts Bay Colony 2. Puritan lawyer and landowner, deeply troubled about the moral life in England and the future of religion, leads the migrationRoger Williams- leaves the Massachusetts Bay Colony because of his opposition of union between Church and government, found the Rhode Island ColonyAnne Hutchinson- believes in the individual relationship with God and opposes the role of