THE ROAD TO REVOLUTION, 1763-1775I. France, England, and the Wars For Empire, 1689-1763- Four Wars last included colonials - 1763 sued for peace negotiation with England- Treaty of Paris 1763- England gets a lot of territory - Half a billion acres (add expense and needs to be administered, Englishgovernment need to establish and needs money to do that ) - French claims East of the Mississippi RiverII. England’s Problems and a Turning PointA. Debt and Taxation- 1763 crucial turning point - Debt doubled - England begins to look at the colonies for Revenue and pay the date- Expect colonies to contribute to the debt - Colonies benefiting from mercantile system- Colonial attitudes change and adopt “no taxation with representation”- England begins to tax colonials and they resist - Colonials believed they had a right to self government - General assembly B. Trade Regulations- Colonials trade with other countries and commit treason - since they are giving economic benefit to enemies- Mainly colonials in Northern coloniesC. Security Issues in the Trans-Appalachian West (Ohio, Indiana, Kentucky, Tennessee) (Road to Revolution)- 1763 colonials are beginning to look across the Trans Appalachian due to economic benefit - Can’t go across because of the French before - Only Natives are in the land - Threat of French removed due to Peace Treaty, Colonials rush in because of fur trade opportunity - Fertile land (establish farms, communities)- Native Americans were still there and happy to cooperate with French since they wanted to trade and where aware of what happened to Natives in the East due to English taking their land - Natives lost protection of French and know what will happen if English were to come 1. Pontiac's Rebellion- 1763, Ottawa Chief named Pontiac put together confederation of tribesto prevent English from taking land , a united front - The only way natives could push the England back- Pontiac ‘s rebelling - Rebellion was bloody more colonials died - Brief from 1763-1764 - End Pontiac not successful - Colonials and English military fought Pontiac - by 1764 The rebellion was breaking - Colonials wanted more troops from Parliament , to protect civilians (Denied)- England does not see the same thing so they don’t send troops and don’t want to get involved - The last the thing Parliament wants to do is get in a long fight with natives because it is expensive 2. Proclamation Line of 1763- Attempt to separate English colonials and natives in that territory - Prohibit Colonials from crossing Appalachians from moving to Ohio Territory - Don’t set up troops- Only colonials allowed were fur traders with license received from Government - Colonials unhappy / Irritates relationship between mother country and colonies- 1775, 50,000 Colonials ignored the Proclamation and crossed - Early indication that 13 colonies are diverging from Mother countries - Not about debt but opportunity III. England Exerts Control (Intolerable and coercive acts- 1764 Passing legislation to control revenue and direct task - Get money from Colonials- Not yet tasked A. Sugar (Revenue) Act, 1764- First act of Parliament - One of the ways parliament get colonies to contribute to Debt payment- French eager to sell sugar to colonials since it was cheaper - Turned it rum and sold it - Huge demand For Molasses - In order to force colonials to buy British sugar - 1733 6% duty on product by Parliament - 1763 slashed duty in half to 3% in hopes to that colonials will pay a small duty - Parliament hopes the colonies would legally purchase molasses and pay the duty - From colonial put of view they are being taxed without representation (principal not amount as a tax)- Cost more to try to enforce than get revenue from it - Colonials continue to smuggle , many colonial fortunes came from smuggling - John Hancock ( made fortune smuggling and violating navigation acts)- Colonies economy was maturing B. Quartering Act, 1765- Parliament passed legislation aimed at colonies, shift cost in maintain troops - Pay for items like firewood, candles, beers- Colonial assembly taxed colonies to provide for troops- Parliament isn’t taxing but general assembly has to do it through payment of individual colonies - Colonies paying some of financial burden of England -C. Stamp Act, 17651. Colonial Response- First act that resulted in universal anger ??- Affect every colony and every person living in colonies- First direct internal tax on Colonials placed by Parliament - Requires that wide variety of documents should printed on stamped paper provided by stamp agent- Stamp is an impression on paper - All government documents provided by stamp agent (collect money and sent back to England)- Deeds of purchase, marriage license, birth and death certificates, insurance policies, pamphlets, playing cards (common pastime for colonials) , newspapers- Colonials do not react well to the stamp act causes anger, opposition and affects three groups ( Government officials, lawyers, and newspaper editors)- Colonial opposition begins immediately - Delegates attend meeting called Stamp Act Congress , 9 of colonies sent representatives , unified response - United colonies, symbolic effort - Devise formal document that declares their allegiance to England and King - Believe they have grievance against parliament - “Taxation without representation” denial of rights - Patriotic organization - Most famous formed in Massachusetts “Sons of Liberty” used violence to show opposition to stamp act - Intimated, harassed , tarring and feathering stamp act agents - Acted as a mob that attacked offices of Stamp Act agents - Sons of Liberty attacked and destroyed home of Lt. Governor of Massachusetts valuable home , only thing left was burned walls- Economic Response: Had most effect , colonials instituted boycott British goods coming into Colonies - Not every colonial participated but most did - By 1766 , caused economic impact on England industries , textile (colonial women held spinning bees that produced thread that they produced a coarse cloth known as home spun ), tea - Effective British exports dropped by 40%- Back in England drop in production , cut back production and workers are unemployed - Manufacturers complain - April 1766 , Parliament takes action by Repealing Stamp Act - Violent responses meant that little stamp paper was sold - Stamp Act failure - Same day , Parliament passed Declaratory act 1766 (statement that asserts parliament